The Brazilian justice system moves towards the construction of a public policy that contributes to reducing judicialization using self-compositive methods, in which Restorative Justice is used as a method of conflict resolution with the requirement for the participation of social workers . The inclusion of these professionals raises questions about the possibility (or not) of bringing the profession closer to its references and methodologies in the face of possible violations of professional prerogatives and the delinking/decharacterization/deconstruction of the profession. In this sense, the objective of this study was to analyze possible similarities and differences between the restorative proposal and Social Service within the scope of the justice system, in its theoretical, ethical and practical dimensions of Restorative Justice for Social Service and from there to Restorative Justice. For this purpose, we used a qualitative approach, using collection instruments based on documentary research of collections linked to the regulations for the creation of restorative justice and the regulation of the Social Service profession; in bibliographical research focused on authors disseminating ideas about the restorative paradigm, as well as in interviews with professionals in the field involved in restorative processes in the judicial sphere and with the profession's defense entity, the Federal Council of Social Services (CFESS). The data were organized using the triangulation technique and subjected to content analysis. The results showed that Restorative Justice was encapsulated by international organizations that formulated the guidelines for reform of the State and the Justice System carried out in Latin America and Brazil, reducing it to a method of conflict resolution disseminated and conducted by the justice system. The emptying occurred in components originating from criticism of the penal-punitive system and incarceration. However, Restorative Justice presents itself as a perspective in dispute by different institutional and societal projects. In this sense, we conclude that, at the same time, Brazilian Social Service can contribute to highlighting contradictions, strengthening the socio-ethical and critical basis of Restorative Justice, pointing out new directions of use in socio-occupational spaces. Using it, you can also have a participatory, dialogical and inclusive tool in your professional practice.

“Social Service and Multiprofessional Residency in Health: an analysis of professional training and work in Belém do Pará '' is the central theme of this dissertation. The theoretical discussion carried out in the chapters initially addresses the interfaces between work, education and health, problematizing the importance of worker qualification policies to work in the SUS. We discuss the regulatory trajectory of the Unified Health System (SUS) and the Multiprofessional Health Residency as a human resources training policy. Subsequently, we address the insertion of Social Services in the field of Residences. As a theoretical-methodological basis, we use the method of dialectical historical materialism, which strives to get closer to reality, revealing the obscure relationships present in capitalist society. The research analyzed three Multiprofessional Residency programs in the city of Belém/PA, and its subjects were 11 resident social workers, who participated in the research by filling out online questionnaires with objective and subjective questions about training and professional work. in Multiprofessional Residency during the period from September to October 2023. Among the main results of the research, we found that the Pedagogical Political Project of the Integrated Clinical Care, Oncology and Health Care for the Elderly programs present work/teaching processes strongly related to the dismantling of public policies, especially Education Policy and Health Policy. The need to guarantee continued training that allows critical thinking about the current situation marked by the reduction of social rights and increased barbarism after constitutional reforms stands out. , strengthening the privatization of health policy and the precariousness of work among the Brazilian working class. The work carried out by Social Workers is not linked to content that includes training that guarantees the training needs of professional specificities in terms of theoretical-methodological, ethical-political and technical-operative dimensionsResidência Multiprofissional em Saúde; Serviço Social, Formação Profissional; Educação Continuada.. This work results from the experiences of social workers residing in public health services and brings reflections to strengthen the political ethical project of the profession and health reform.

The thesis "There the passer was better": Traditional riverine populations and the forced displacement of conservation areas in the Western Marajoara Amazon, has in its title in its first sentence the memory of an interlocutor of the time without hunger, before the expulsion for the implementation of a conservation area.The thesis deals with the traditional riverine populations that are forced to leave their territories by conflicts constituted as consequence of the implementation of conservation areas in the largest Fluvial-Maritime Archipelago on the Planet; the Marajó Environmental Protection Area, in the State of Pará (APA-Marajó) in the Brazilian Marajoara Amazon. This thesis presents the results obtained in the research carried out in three conservation areas located within the APA-Marajó, namely: Caxuanã National Forest in the Municipality of Portel, Terra Grande Pracuúba Extractive Reserve in the Municipality of Curralinho and Mapuá Extractive Reserve in the Municipality of Breve. The hypothesis raised was confirmed, demonstrating that the new forms of capitalist accumulation with neo-extractivism and conservationism, or green economy, engender processes of expropriation/dispossession, generating forced displacement and de-re-territorialization of traditional populations, who are residents of conservation areas in Western Marajó. These conservation areas have been registering the departure of populations to the urban perimeter of medium and large cities in the North of Brazil (Breves, Belém and Macapá). After the conclusion of the research, the following findings were identified: a) There is expropriation of territories and ways of life through the implementation of legislation, regulations and agroecological zoning; b) There is an occurrence of expulsion of residents from the areas; c) There are no policies for preparation and/or educational training to live and use resources to generate income in conservation areas; d) Lack of official record of the displacement processes; e) The displaced population living in the conservation areas are users of social assistance programs for income redistribution, but do not receive social and health care; f); There is no basic sanitation in the areas; g) There is no access to the financial fund for communities where forest resources are exploited by government concessions. The guiding methodology of this research is characterized as exploratory-descriptive, which used ethnography with participant observation and the adjunct use of the narrative interview technique as a baseline data collection device. Ethnography was incorporated as a method of Research to record the way of life, autonomy and culture of the populations, where the data obtained, and the imponderable were observed in close contact with daily life. The process of displacement with the trajectories traveled leaves marks, clues that, when captured by research, inform the history of populations and territories, are like fingerprints of a given society, in the way in which its process of economic and social production and reproduction is organized. The way in which these economic and social factors are articulated with the life trajectories of the displaced persons, in a particular historical context, constitutes a pattern that has been repeated for at least two generations in the sample surveyed. Learning as a researcher leads to the construction of writing, with a special motivation: that of engaging in the recording of multiple stories about the cosmogony of walking along paths, situating them in the world, weaving and joining the threads of places, geographical spaces, resources and landscapes that are increasingly delimited, fenced, ruined, confused; being assimilated in a divided way in a world divided materially and conceptually. Thus, being able to listen to the narratives of those who live and weave the experience of inhabiting the world in stories singularized by expropriation. To achieve the proposed objectives, there was a need to engage in this adventure, through the feeling of belonging, through conversational practices and the ethics of encounters with difference, in a new world that emerges. Based on the problem elucidated, it is necessary in the near future to carry out studies that in an interdisciplinary way point to the reversal of exploitative conservationism and predatory implantation in Marajó.

To describe the historical, social and political construction of quilombola communities in Brazil, for Santos (2015), the dominant class implemented different forms of oppressive measures, with the purpose of preventing any means aimed at promoting the insertion of the black population, as autonomous and emancipated, in everyday social relations, and repressive education, deprived of the right to freedom, whether in the practices of rituals, beliefs, as well as the manifestation of sensitivity, affection, joy, were present, considering since the period of colonization and its consequences in subsequent centuries. The objective of this study is to discuss the history of education throughout these years in order to understand how communities were treated in isolation, as there were no public policies that covered basic needs such as: health, education, transportation, security and basic sanitation. according to reports of visits carried out during the research. Regarding the methodology, this research sought to establish a relationship between previously debated concepts and quilombola education in the municipality of Concórdia do Pará, correlating data presented with those obtained through semi-structured
interviews that were applied to several personalities who experience quilombola education in the County. According to Minayo (2004, p. 109), data obtained through interviews that refer directly to the individual interviewed are data that report their “attitudes, values and opinions”, are data called subjective and provide deeper information about reality. and “can only be achieved with the contribution of the social actors involved”. The interviews that integrate the empirical aspects of this study were carried out with directors, teachers, technicians, associated members who play the role of social subjects and who are actively present in the researched context, that is, in the educational institutions present in quilombos. of Concórdia do Pará. Therefore, the research revealed that the valorization of quilombola education suggests recognizing, including and propagating local knowledge in pedagogical practices, thus providing quality education that dialogues with racial plurality and the values of these communities. In this sense, it is a continuous process of recognizing ancestry, promoting equal opportunities and preserving cultural identity.

This dissertation has as its object the multiterritoriality of adolescents from municipalities in the interior of Pará as they comply with a socio-educational measure of hospitalization in Ananindeua/PA. It aims to discuss the processes of de- territorialization, territorialization and re-territorialization experienced by adolescents in compliance with a socio-educational measure at the Male Youth Center - CJM, which is one of the socio-educational measure application units of the Fundação de Atendimento Socioeducativo do Pará - FASEPA. To achieve the proposed objective, the historical-dialectical materialism method was used, seeking to understand the historical and social determinants that are part of the reality of the subjects of this research. It dialogues with the categories that were considered essential for this research: Multiterritoriality, Families and Adolescences, believing that these contribute to a better understanding and appropriation of the topic discussed. The policy aimed at socio-educational assistance in the state of Pará has been carried out in a way that is disconnected from the reality of this population, adolescents in a situation of serving MSE of deprivation of liberty are not identical, they are not a single “thing” and cannot have their particularities are met if they are not considered within the context of their multi-territorialities.

The general objective of this study was to understand and analyze the relationship between job insecurity and bullying practiced by social workers working in Federal Institutions of Higher Education (IFES) in Pará, as well as its repercussions for the mental exhaustion of these professionals, with the aim of providing input for the creation of strategies to confront this form of violence present in various socio-occupational spaces, which significantly affects the health of these professionals. In this way, the Marxist social theory and Marx's method were used to gain a deeper understanding of the object of study, with the aim of uncovering the multiple determinations of the object in question, starting from its appearance in an attempt to reach its essence, i.e. to go beyond its appearance by successively approaching the real. With regard to the methodology applied, the following procedures were used: 1) bibliographical research based on books and scientific articles by classic and contemporary authors with the aim of understanding the categories of the object of study (work, job insecurity, bullying and health/mental distress); 2) empirical research with a qualitative approach that took place in a hybrid form (face-to-face and virtual), with 20 (twenty) social workers working in 02 (two) IFES's in the state of Pará as research participants; and 3) content analysis. A form applied online was used to collect data, as was a semi-structured interview. The results obtained from this study show that there is a relationship between job insecurity and bullying, as it was observed that the patterns of management and organization of work have resulted in extremely precarious working conditions. This is manifested through the intensification of work, which translates into longer working hours, the setting of relentless targets, among other things. He adds that this form of fear-based management manifests itself in forms of abuse of power, through bullying. It also identifies the importance of struggle movements and acts of resistance to strengthen the collective, with a view to confronting the abuse of power and any form of violence, including bullying, which can lead to mental exhaustion and even suicide.

This dissertation is linked to the research entitled "Social Projects in dispute in times of pandemic and the professional practice of the Social Worker in Pará / Legal Amazon" under the coordination of Prof. Dr. Cilene Braga in partnership with the Regional Council of Social Work of the State of Pará (CRESS-PA 1st Region). Its central category is the professional work of social workers in the Social Assistance Policy and in the health area in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. social workers who worked in the Social Assistance and Health Policy during the period from 2020 to 2021, as well as to point out the main changes and challenges for the professional category. It is characterized as descriptive and uses Marx's historical and dialectical materialism as its theoretical and methodological framework. As a methodological procedure, bibliographic research was adopted, using the CAPES Theses and Dissertations Catalog and Google Scholar as a database, and documentary research, based on the normative guidelines of the CFESS/CRESS group and legislation relevant to work in the context of the pandemic. Bardin's content analysis technique was adopted for the data collected from the research to which this project is linked. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, it was pointed out that the pandemic context caused by COVID-19 has brought changes and challenges to work, and especially to debate the fundamental role of the social worker in cases of public calamity; in an adverse context, work routines change, adaptations are made to serve the user population, which does not always correspond to health guidelines, and PPE is insufficient for the contingent of workers; the demands sent to the social worker focused on mental health and on social assistance aid and benefits in order to alleviate the situation of high vulnerability; with regard to institutional requests, the participants indicated that they always had to demarcate the field of professional activity, both for managers and for other professional categories in the institutions, considering that these requested them to carry out activities that went beyond the core of professional attributions and competencies and reiterated practices that had already been overcome.

This thesis seeks to analyze the issue of housing in the municipalities of Pará, through aspects of income and housing conditions. The starting point of this thesis emerges from a question, on simple principles, but which remains fundamental to the logo of this work: how do people live in the State of Pará? And this question began to have its answers constructed based on the general objective: to understand how the Housing Issue is expressed in the particularities of the municipalities of Pará based on the living and housing conditions of the population. And specific objectives: a) understand the social issue and its expressions in the issue of Brazilian and Pará housing; b) historically understand the insertion of Pará in the circuit of the capitalist economy from the formation of cities in Pará; c) analyze the living and housing conditions of the municipalities of Pará based on the IDHM. To get closer to the reality of the study, we used the Historical and Dialectical Materialist investigation method developed by Karl Marx and the research procedures of bibliographical survey and documentary research based on the demographic census carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). And the theoretical and historical path taken allows us to highlight the debate on housing as a necessity for the reproduction of social existence and also the social issue that emerges as an expression of the social issue in the capitalist mode of production. And from there, understand the historical, economic and social development of Brazil and its particularities that emerge in the process of formation of the 144 municipalities in Pará in different contexts of the process of appropriation of territory by the capitalist mode of production. And finally, the thesis of this work is presented, which systematizes the living and housing conditions for the population of 143 municipalities and highlights the tendency for population and households to be concentrated in urban areas, in municipalities with the largest ranges of MHDI, and the municipalities that are in the ranges with the lowest MHDI indexes, the population still has significant occupation in rural areas in these municipalities, regional particularities remain that can be observed in the way housing is constructed and in the use of wood as the main material used in construction. construction of house walls. Regarding the condition of production, work and income, the municipalities that are in the High HDI range concentrate the highest percentage of the GDP value. The services sector is the type of activities that is most relevant, in municipalities with a High MHDI and in municipalities that are in the Medium MHDI range, activities in the Services and Industry sector are more relevant. And in the range of Low and Very Low HDIM municipalities, the administration, defense, education, health and livestock sectors are more developed. Due to the activities that develop household income, they are higher in the High IDHM range and lower in Low IDHM and Very Low IDHM municipalities. The housing deficit is concentrated in the Medium MHDI and Low MHDI ranges. And the urban housing deficit is highly significant in the High MHDI and Medium MHDI ranges and the rural deficit, the greatest concentration is in the Low MHDI and Very Low MHDI range. In Pará, the housing deficit of households with income of up to 3 MW is formed by municipalities that are in the Low MHDI and Medium MHDI range and the concentration of the housing deficit in households with income of more than 5 MW is greater in the range of municipalities with High MHDI. And housing inadequacy, based on its components: lack of infrastructure, absence of a health unit, excessive density and land inadequacy, are present in the municipalities of Pará, but the deficit due to the lack of infrastructure, excessive density and the absence of a health unit are alarming. in the State of Pará in all 4 MHDI ranges, followed by the absence of a health unit and excessive density mainly in the Low MHDI and Very Low MHDI ranges. In relation to the income range, households with an income of up to 3 minimum wages, concentrate the lack of infrastructure, absence of a health unit and excessive density. These results reinforce the contradiction inherent to the capitalist mode of production, as municipalities that are included in the highest MHDI ranges, which indicate the best indicators of longevity, education and income, present similar living and housing conditions to municipalities that are in the lowest MHDI range and reflect the precarious living conditions of the population of Pará.  

This dissertation was conceived based on the researcher's questions and reflections during her involvement in the development of actions within the National Student Assistance Program - PNAES at the Federal Rural University of the Amazon - UFRA, which took place from 2017 to 2021. During her professional involvement, the researcher observed that an increasing number of students were applying for financialaid.  However, what drew the most attention was the empirical perception that students with phenotypic characteristics of the Black population had significant difficulty accessing aid. Another observation was that despite the significant advancement represented by the quota policy, which increases access to public universities, it alone does not guarantee the retention of the Black population in higher education. These observations led to the research question: how has UFRA acted to promote the retention and ensure the completion of undergraduate courses by Black students? To address the issue of retention of students from the most impoverished working-class background in public higher education in Brazil, the National Student Assistance Program - PNAES (Decree 7234/2010) was implemented. At UFRA, PNAES actions are carried out by the Pro-Rectory for Student Affairs - PROAES. For the interpretation and analysis of this reality, this study used the historical-dialectical method, based on Marx-Engels. The general objective of the research was to analyze whether affirmative actions aimed at the retention of Black students developed at UFRA, from 2017 to 2023, meet the objectives of PNAES. The specific objectives were: to map affirmative actions that can contribute to the retention of Black students; to analyze the dropout, retention, suspension, and timely completion rates of Black
students served by affirmative actions; to identify how the affirmative actions developed at UFRA contribute to the retention of Black students in collaboration with PROAES. The methodological procedures adopted were descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The data collection procedures included bibliographic research,
documentary research, and field research, which was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 7 professionals from the institution affiliated with PROAES. The main results indicate that UFRA develops affirmative actions aimed at the retention of indigenous and quilombola students through the Ministry of Education's Permanent Scholarship Program, but does not have affirmative actions within the institution's Student Assistance Program - PAE to ensure the retention of Black students who do not belong to these ethnic groups.

This work seeks to shed light on the professional work of the social worker who is inserted in a logic permeated by daily challenges and difficulties in the area of Social Assistance Policy. The central question then is to understand the particularity of Social Work in the process of development of the aforementioned policy, evidencing the search for understanding the professional performance that is carried out under the current conjunctural perspective of the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as the new requests and demands placed on Social Work added to the development of the theoretical-methodological, ethical-political and technical-operative dimensions. Thus, the general objective aims to analyze the professional work of the Social Worker in the implementation of the Social Assistance Policy in the municipality of Maracanã/Pa, in view of the particularity of the profession, presenting as specific objectives: a) To understand the performance of Social Work in the context of the Social Assistance Policy; b) To identify the particularities of the theoretical-methodological, ethical-political and technical-operative dimensions of the social worker in Social Assistance; c) To apprehend the challenges and difficulties in the work of the social worker in the social assistance carried out in the municipality of Maracanã/Pa; and d) Verify the demands and requests given to social workers in the face of the covid-19 pandemic. The method used was dialectical historical materialism and the methodology adopted is based on a qualitative research, based on the methodological procedures: bibliographical, documentary and field research.

This work sought to address the theme of social work and the aging process, considering it to be of social and scientific relevance. Thus, the general objective was to analyze the meanings of the aging process and old age that guide the professional practice of social workers in Long-Term Institutions for Elderly People in the city of Belém (PA). As for the methodology adopted, it was based on an analysis of reality based on critical social theory, which enabled the construction of an exploratory, explanatory research with a quantitative and qualitative approach. The Systematic Literature Review, bibliographical, documentary and field research and participant observation were adopted. Data were classified, categorized, analyzed for their content and illustrated through narratives by social workers, statistics, charts, graphs, figures and tables. The main results point out that the meanings about aging correspond to the understanding of it as a process; which may include losses; it can mean wisdom; which constitutes a biopsychosocial process. And old age as a result of what is socially constructed; akin to limitation and frailty; dependent on the way in which people age. It is concluded that professional practice does not end after institutional reception due to its continuous character through social monitoring and in meeting demands and needs. Its main purpose is to guarantee rights to the elderly person, in accordance with the Statute of the Elderly Person.

This thesis consists of a study of the movements of indigenous and quilombola peoples in relation to the defense of and access to rights, that is, whether the actions directed by the State towards indigenous and quilombola users are guided by their own political agendas, especially the right of access to public policies in the rural Amazon, particularly the Social Assistance Policy ("Política de Assistência Social" – PAS). The empirical reference is guided by the reality of the Sateré-Mawé indigenous people and the five quilombola communities (Ituquara, Boa Fé, Santa Tereza do Matupiri, São Pedro and Trindade) located along the Andirá River, in the rural area of the municipality of Barreirinha, in the sub-region of the Lower Amazon. Thus, the general objective is to analyze the constitutional prerogatives of public policies, with a focus on the PAS, articulated within the scope of the social movements of indigenous peoples and quilombolas of the Andirá River. The method on which this study is rooted is historical and dialectical materialism, and its methodological procedure is based on qualitative research, sequenced in three stages: literature review, document survey, and
field study. In the latter, we used a set of techniques and instruments applied to nine quilombola leaders and six indigenous leaders of the Andirá River. The results reveal the importance of indigenous and quilombola movements in the 21st century, due to their struggles for collectivity, participation, citizenship, human and ethno-racial diversity, with the perspective of a societal project contrary to the current economic system. In the Andirá River, the claims for land remain as a central agenda, with other linked agendas focused on the access to public policies from the perspective of social rights. We have identified that, in the case of Social Assistance, there is still a gap between the "legal" and the "real", which is why we claim a Policy that concretely considers the "Amazonian factor", especially based on the social relations and conditions of rural peoples, which will certainly require more organization, tensions, and participation through social movements. 

This research, qualitative in nature, sought to recover and analyze the historical process of the professional work of social workers inserted in the Social Work teams in the scope of urban and housing policies executed by the Housing Company of the State of Pará, between the 1960s and 1980s, highlighting the central requirements placed on the work of social workers and the main responses of these professionals. Using the historical and dialectical materialism as a research method, this study used bibliographical, documental and field research. The bibliographical research was carried out by means of a survey in databases, in which it was possible to identify scientific works that highlight the main evidences of the urban/housing issue in the particularity of Pará between the 1960s and 1980s. The documentary research was developed through a survey in the internal library of Cohab/Pa, in which it was possible to access the institutional collection of the Company. The field research included semi-structured interviews with Social Work professionals who worked at Cohab/PA. The analysis of the data collected showed that Social Work, since the beginning of Cohab/PA, has occupied an important place in the machinery of the Company. On the one hand, the professional work of social workers was polarized by the conservative institutional requirements in the context of the dictatorial period and, on the other hand, by the demands of the working masses, who were pressuring the public authorities for answers to the housing issue in the territory of Pará. At the same time, the training in Social Work, in the period covered by the research, suffered the influences of the Reconceptualization Movement and of the renovation process in the Brazilian Social Work; these repercussions also appear in the social workers' reports about the development of their work, strongly influenced by the Community Development perspective. Despite the conservative demands, it was possible to identify initiatives of articulation of social workers to the struggle for better living and housing conditions by the working class, especially in the period of exhaustion of the dictatorial state. 

This study aims to verify the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the living and working conditions of single-parent families with female headship, solo mothers, and beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Cash Transfer Program, in the city of Belém/PA. As an investigation method, this research sought to be based on Historical and Dialectical Materialism, having technical-operative procedures: bibliographical survey, documental research, and field research. The bibliographical survey prioritized the works published in the main academic portals, in consonance with the investigated theme, besides the approach to the debate involving classic and contemporary authors, in an attempt to problematize the theme in the context and limits of the current capitalist society. The
documentary research was constituted from the in-depth reading of national and international documents, as well as federal organs and institutes, to identify the demographic aspects of single-parent families headed by women, at the national, state, and municipal levels, also in an attempt to make a historical overview of the relationship between Social Assistance policies and the gender issue. The field research consisted of the analysis of the identification forms of the families, in this case, the single-parent families with female headship, assisted by the Service of Protection and Integral Care to the Family (PAIF) in the Reference Centers for Social Assistance
(CRAS) Guamá and Terra Firme, in the years 2019 to 2021, aiming to identify the impacts that the Covid-19 pandemic has triggered in the living and working conditions of the family nuclei that have as their main representative a woman, solo mother and user of the Bolsa Família Program (PBF), in the municipality of Belém/PA. The results indicate that, as of 2020, jobs, daycare centers, and schools were closed, in addition to
an increase in increasingly precarious labor relations based on informality. There has also been an increase in structural unemployment that has affected families in Brazil as a whole, as well as an increase in hunger and poverty, and a high demand for social benefits, due to the Covid-19 pandemic. These factors have had an enormous impact on the female population, and especially on the female heads of households, the majority of whom are black, at the national and municipal levels, exacerbating the historic inequality of class, gender, and race in Brazil. In the state of Pará and the city of Belém, this process resulted in the utmost urgency for the implementation of policies to guarantee and protect the rights of this segment, despite the difficulties imposed by the current federal government and its ultra-liberal logic.

This research aims to analyze the different strategies of appropriation of urban space in Portal da Amazônia in Belém, Pará, in view of two antagonistic realities, families in rent aid and the Atacadão project. In the face of these two subjects, the fraction of the working class, represented by families in aid of renting the Portal da Amazônia, and the great capital, represented by a large enterprise in the food sector, Atacadão S.A, there is a dispute over the appropriation of the reconfigured urban space, the Amazon Portal on the edge of Belém do Pará. To make this contradiction explicit, we characterize the socio-historical reality of these two social classes and highlight their contradictions, configured and materialized in their different strategies of appropriation of urban space. In this direction, the research focused on the critical dialectical method, having as methodological procedures the bibliographic survey, documental and field research. Thus, the use of the quali-quanti approach was chosen, in addition to the ethnographic technique, as a subsidy for the case study. Therefore, the work focused on theoretical references on social appropriation of space/territory, appropriation and reappropriation of urban space, capitalist expansion, capitalist state, capitalist social state, among others. In view of this, it was glimpsed in the bibliographic survey of classic and contemporary authors who discuss: the right to the city in capitalist society; uneven and combined development of territory, housing and urban policy in Brazil; and the Amazon territory and different strategic interventionist forms. The documentary research included readings and analyzes of official documents from the Municipality of Belém, the State and Federal Public Ministry of Pará, Atacadão's embargo documents and Atacadão's operating release documents. With regard to data collection, semi-structured interviews were carried out with two families resettled in Portal da Amazônia, a representative of the Residents Association of the Portal da Amazônia Project, a representative of PROMABEN and a representative of SEHAB. And to add to this collection, 28 semi-structured questionnaires were applied to families that are on rent aid. Among the results achieved in this dissertation, there are four contradictory processes, namely: Precariousness of political, economic, social and cultural relations in urban space/territory; (Dis)articulation of social classes (worker and manager) in urban space/territory; Legally/regularly qualifies the precariousness of capitalist relations, disqualifying the working class and qualifying the ruling class; and the Strategic Logic of Reappropriation of the River south rim of Belém. It is noteworthy that these processes emerge from the conflicting relationships of the research subjects, and these determinations tend to intensify the expansion of the capitalist mode of production in the Portal of the Amazon expressed in the contradictory processes of the strategy of resistance and permanence of families in rent aid, as also, the strategy of repossession of the river bank, border of the Portal da Amazônia, by the Atacadão S.A. Therefore, the different strategies of appropriation of the urban space of the social classes, in the Portal of the Amazon, reveal this territory as a north of the expansion of the capitalist mode of production in the revitalized south river rim.

The present dissertation deals with the student assistance policy at the Federal University of Pará. The general objective of this study was to know the process of implementation of the Institutional Policy Assistance and Accessibility - PINAE at UFPA and the internalized conception in the axis of Student Assistance. The specific objectives were: to know how the implementation of PINAE at UFPA occurred; to characterize the concepts present in the practical action of PINAE at UFPA; to identify the practical actions that permeate the assistance to students in vulnerabilities at UFPA. Originating from questions in a context of dismantling of state structures that support social policies and the process of cutting funds for higher education, we sought to identify whether the conception and formatting of the Student Assistance Policy at UFPA takes as it is based on the principle of universalization of the right guaranteeing assistance to every student or reproduces the trend of focused and restricted service imprinted in social policies by the neoliberal State. The guiding questions are: how was the implementation and formatting of the Student Assistance and Accessibility Policy at UFPA? Did the PINAE executors workers and the students participate in the process of constitution and implementation of this policy at UFPA? Do the programs and services offered meet the demands and specific profiles of students in the Amazon region? In the analysis of the documents,  we sought to identify: the conception, guidelines and objectives of Student Assistance in the institution; the social actors involved in the process of elaborating and structuring the PINAE; Ta formatting the implementation and management of its actions and services, the shapes of access by students; the scope of service; which showed the mapping of the profile of students served by SAEST with the budgetary resources available. It is based on historical-dialectical materialism with the centrality in social relations, in the perspective of respect and guarantee of social rights to students and low-income families at UFPA. It was possible to conclude that there is an inverse relationship between the increasing numbers of students who enter the UFPA courses as well as the increase in the demand for aid and the budget availability; The lack of a minimum team of workers on the campuses, which is recommended in the PINAE, an aspect that compromises qualified and integrated care by the multiprofessional team; Student Assistance was institutionalized in the Lula da Silva government, it follows a fragmented, punctual and focused logic that includes and excludes and redirects the student sright to assistance; The workers participating in the study pointed out that the implementation of the institutional policy took place in a democratic way and that most workers, students, decision-making bodies and other spaces at UFPA were consulted. Most students who apply for SAEST aid are in the per capita income level of ¼ of the minimum wage and a less expressive portion in the class of 1.5. The student to be covered by the PNAES and the PINAE may belong to this last criterion, but with the minimal support available, it is difficult for a student with a per capita family income of 1.5 minimum wage to receive financial support from SAEST/UFPA.

The present thesis presented along with the Postgraduate Program in Social Work at the Federal University of Pará, in its investigative path, had the general objective of analyzing the process of social reproduction of riverside families and the child labor that children and adolescents carry out in Rio de Janeiro. Tajapurú, in the municipality of Breves, in the Marajó archipelago, considering the economic, legal and sociocultural measurements that involve the social being studied. We seek to understand from the definition of work as child labor as a concrete social phenomenon and which is determined by the material conditions by which it takes place in the lives of children and adolescents, sons and daughters of the Marajoara working class. Child labor is often confused with a form of help and an obligation, or as a socializing behavior since it hides the exploitative nature of the workforce. The social theory that underlies it is the social theory of Karl Marx and the method is historical and dialectical materialism. It is the result of a qualitative research, which relied on the use of semi-structured interviews. Academic productions were used, such as dissertations and theses, as well as her own experiences as a professor at UFPA. Which refers to particular experiences of working class childhood. It was found that the State was not responsible for policies aimed at assisting families, through the lack of confrontation with the municipality's social assistance network, with emphasis on the Guardianship Council and the Municipality's childhood and youth court. The research found that the reality of working children in Breves, both in the rivers, in the countryside or in the city, is functional to particular experiences of working class childhood and reflects the devaluation of Marajoara childhood and adolescence and a profound violation of their rights. fundamental human beings, as they are subjected to the worst forms of child labour.

This dissertation evaluates, according to the criteria of societal effectiveness, the life of the families of the Conjunto Paraíso dos Pássaros after 22 years of the resettlement process carried out by the Macrodrainage Project of the Una Basin (Belém – PA). The criteria used by Ramos and Sá (2003) methodology for evaluating societal effectiveness investigate dimensions and variables related to the socioeconomic situation of the resettled residents, participation in the Project implementation process, housing conditions of the new house, infrastructure and collective services implemented, impacts caused to the environment and the satisfaction of families, from the view of the beneficiaries themselves. The study was developed based on the method of historical and dialectical materialism, using bibliographic, documentary and field research as a methodological procedure. The bibliographic research involved the survey of classical and contemporary authors who deal with the production of the city of capital, the housing issue, the process of urban development from the fractions of the working class, as well as the contradictory role of the State, and study the particularities of the urban issue in the Amazon, specifically about the process of removal of families. A research of dissertations and theses available in the Capes Theses and Dissertations Catalogue and in the Institutional Repository of the Federal University of Pará (RIUFPA) was also carried out. Regarding the documentary survey, readings and analysis of documents provided by civil society were carried out in order to verify the information about the Una Project, as well as it was possible to survey on two digital platforms: in the National Archives of the Federal Government and The Brazilian Digital Library. In the field survey, conducted from December 2021 to February 2022, questionnaires were applied to 15 residents resettled for the Conjunto Paraíso dos Pássaros (área CDP) and interviews with 03 technicians who worked on the family resettlement process and 01 community leadership. The results of the research show that capitalism generates unequal and contradictory spaces, even some presenting singularities, which are historically located, follow universal tendencies of capitalist society and that urban projects that involve the process of removal of residents cause socioeconomic and cultural impacts in families, as well as in the environment. However, these impacts are minimized when the urban intervention has a orientation that values the effective participation of the beneficiaries. In this sense, the analyses of this dissertation, based on the evaluation according to the criteria of societal effectiveness, show that the process of resettlement of families to the área CDP, caused: Improvement in the quality of life of resettled families, mainly due to living on dry land, the size of the new housing and access to the schools of the Set; Satisfaction in most of the residents investigated; Impact on the income of few residents, with no major reversal of the situation of poverty and urban poverty; Implementation of infrastructure and collective services in the area, although there is absence, or deficiency, of some equipment and services; Access to good housing conditions, mainly because they have a "sense of security" with their new housing; Positive and negative impact on the environment and; Implementation of social participation. Thus, the research data show that by taking into account the panorama of projects that also practiced removal of families in the Metropolitan Region of Belém, a different reality is perceived, because the work of technical and social orientation in the área CDP, within the Una Project, contributed to the improvement, in some respects, in the lives of residents, even with all the problems experienced in the Conjunto Paraíso dos Pássaros. It is evident, therefore, that even though there is a tendency of socioeconomic impacts after the resettlement process, professional work in consensus with ethical commitments seeks strategies to overcome social inequalities and effect the right to the city by the working class.

This dissertation analyzes the particularity of the work of the social worker in the land regularization policy in the state of Pará, in the following institutions: in the Strategic Management of Land Regularization (GEREG) of the Housing Company of the State of Pará; in the Municipal Land Regularization Program – Canaã Meu Lugar, in the municipality of Canaã dos Carajás; in the Terra da Gente Program, through the Belém Metropolitan Area Development and Administration Company and; in the Citizen Housing Project of the UFPA Land Regularization Commission. A is guided by the method of historical and dialectical materialism. The methodology was based on a bibliographic survey of academic productions in the area of Social Work and related areas, which deal with social work in housing policy and land regularization in Brazil and the Amazon. Documentary research was guided by laws and decrees about urban land tenure regularization; normative instructions for social work, in addition to reports, topographical plans, Social Work instruments and documents dealing with the respective programs and projects researched. Fieldwork research of semi-structured application of interview on October 14 referred to (fourteen) in the application period of October to 14 referred institutions, period of December2021. Among the research results, it is highlighted that the particularity of the work of the social worker in the urban land regularization policy of social interest of the referred programs and projects researched, follows a trend with regard to the professional work in the housing policy, responsible for the: social mobilization, identification of leaders, community meetings and execution of the social register. In addition, difficulties were also identified regarding the performance of interdisciplinary work between the teams, such as non-participation in the planning of actions and the regression regarding social participation in the current Brazilian conjuncture. The challenges of professional work are mainly due to the discredit of the population in the face of State actions and the non-identification of the tasks performed by the Social Service in the REURB actions, becoming a generic professional to all activities. In this way, it is emphasized that social work in land regularization faces several difficulties in the scope of instrumentality, interdisciplinarity and the need for continued education, focused on ethical-political commitment and the right to the city in the Amazon.

This Thesis is the result of reflections and analyzes carried out on social class and middle class in contemporary Brazil, from an empirical research carried out in 04 (four) Federal Courts installed in the state of Pará and 01 (one) union of federal civil servants, whose subjects were 24 (twenty-four) servants of the aforementioned Courts and 01 (one) union representative. We opted for qualitative research, using the questionnaire and the semi-structured interview as data collection instruments. The theoretical-methodological framework used for data analysis was the Marxist theory and the historical and dialectical materialism method, which enabled the understanding of the economic, political and social determinants of the so-called middle class constituted in the context of the new morphology of the working class, as well. as, the problematization of what can characterize the middle class in contemporary Brazil, in particular, public servants of the Federal Courts in the state of Pará. Likewise, it allowed us to analyze the contradictory interests underlying the fractions of the working class expressed in the transformations that have been taking place in the world of work, in particular, in the aforementioned Courts. The results of this study showed that the new form of workforce management that has been adopted in the aforementioned Courts, based on the "modernization" of the Brazilian Judiciary, has led to the institution of new forms of control and intensification of work expressed by the loss of autonomy , by functional versatility, etc., thus explaining that certain attributes that characterized these servants as belonging to the Brazilian middle class, referenced by official bodies or by society, namely: income level or remuneration standard and purchasing power and access goods and services, especially private ones, are being eroded. It was also found that despite the servants of these Courts, they still have some social achievements, such as: job stability (currently at risk due to the Administrative Reform), social assistance and benefits, as well as a standard of differentiated remuneration and professional qualification, in relation to other fractions of the working class, the working and living conditions of the aforementioned servers, currently, indicate severe losses of these achievements, given that new forms of precariousness of labor relations were instituted, reduction of provision of health policy services and social security benefits, wage losses, etc., that is, the broader social coverage that was guaranteed to these servers and their families, is increasingly restricted. Thus, it is understood that the new forms of precariousness of work that have been experienced by the servers of the aforementioned Courts who were characterized as middle class, contradictorily, have driven the creation of strategies of struggle and resistance to the loss of social achievements of these servers, in articulation with other fractions of the working class, which, however, need to advance towards the defense of a societal project of political emancipation of this class, in Brazil, being essential for this, the formation of class consciousness "in and of itself ”, in particular of the middle class, which presents itself as deeply diverse, fragmented and, in general, impregnated by bourgeois ideology, therefore, permeated by fetishisms that contribute to further alienate their class condition, as analyzed in this study.

This Master's thesis aimed to: analyze the presence, in its different levels of expression, of the categories of the Marxian method, in the training and professional work of social workers, with a view to showing whether the theoretical-methodological direction assumed by the Curriculum Guidelines of the ABEPSS, have been referenced by professionals in the conduct of their professional work, which was investigated through the following specific objectives: 1) Identify the theoretical-methodological profile of social workers, with a view to revealing whether it is in accordance with what is recommended in the project ABEPSS professional training; 2) To elucidate the process of apprehending the categories of the Marxian method in the training process of social workers, in order to highlight the limits and possibilities of this mediation, as well as how this learning has been satisfactory in the opinion of the graduates; 3) Show how social workers express the contents of the Marxian method in socio-occupational spaces through values, principles, practices and handling of professional instruments and techniques, to reveal the strategies, limits and possibilities of this theory-practice mediation; 4) Know the professional vision of social workers about the influence of Marxian critical theory on Social Work and, consequently, its impact on professional work, with a view to verifying whether these professionals recognize its legitimacy. The investigative process was carried out under the guidance of Marxian theory and method, as it provides a set of categories, including: totality, contradiction and mediation, which allow a radical approximation to the determinations of reality and, consequently, of the object of study of this work, placing it in the logic of the movement of reality itself. Furthermore, the research was developed based on the mixed approach (quanti-qualitative) and the triangulation method, considering the use of quantitative, qualitative and documentary data. It is noteworthy that all methodological procedures were adapted for the remote modality, given the need for social isolation in the context of the Pandemic (COVID-19). An Electronic Form was applied with 338 social workers, as well as a qualitative interview with 06 professionals, from which 05 interviews were used, due to the loss of data from one of these. Regarding the results: the data reveal the predominant theoretical-methodological option for historical-dialectical materialism, in percentage terms 57% of the professionals claim to be in line with this theoretical perspective. There is no significant evidence of professionals linked to the positivist/functionalist, phenomenological/existentialist or post-modern perspective, given that the sum of those who claim to be in line with these theories is 3.26%. The percentage of 24.25% that refers to an a-theoretical perspective, with performance based only on legislation, is worrying, as well as the eclectic perspective that expressed itself in 8.88% and 6.21% did not know how to answer. Regarding the analysis of qualitative data, it was apprehended that the option for “Marxism” is not accompanied by conceptualizations/reflections about the categories in a way that reveals a domain of theoretical complexity over dialectical theory and method. However, in this researcher's assessment, professional work is influenced/mediated by this theory, as they reveal critical professional actions committed to social rights and accompanied by concepts and categories such as: guarantee of rights, ethical political and societal project, struggle of classes, social movements, revolution, among others.

This thesis discusses the particularity of the work of the social worker in urban/housing policy expressed in the requests, attributions and responses to the demands presented by workers in this socio-occupational space. The research is qualitative, with bibliography and document review technique and application of semi-structured interviews with 52 (fifty-two) Social Workers from public and private institutions in the States of Amapá, Amazonas, Maranhão and Pará. it takes place to carry out socioeconomic diagnoses, select who has the profile to access housing, and above all the request occurs through Ordinance 464 of the extinct Ministry of Cities, which directs that the implementation of Social Work be coordinated by a trained professional in Social Work or Social Sciences. It was verified in the field research, with the document review of the ST projects, that the majority were coordinated by Social Workers. Thus, understanding the particularity of work in this specific field requires understanding the essence of the Capitalist Mode of Production, as housing as a high-cost value is not guaranteed for a group of workers, access being possible only through social policies. In this scenario the Social Worker, a salaried worker, is inserted. In the field research, it was possible to verify that most of the interviewees had a precarious employment relationship, with temporary contracts. The institutional request to the Social Worker under the Urban/Habitation Policy is related to the implementation of Social Work with the feasibility of socio-educational actions guided by the axes defined by Ordinance 464 of July 25, 2018, of the extinct Ministry of Cities, which are: Mobilization, organization and social strengthening; Monitoring and social management of the intervention; Environmental and heritage education; Socioeconomic development. The request is also linked to work within the municipal secretariats to carry out a socioeconomic and socio-territorial diagnosis, selection of beneficiaries for the programs, planning, monitoring and evaluation of Social Work, when this is carried out by outsourced institutions. According to the interviews, this request occurs due to the ability of this worker to mediate with the beneficiaries, both in the relationship with the implementing body of the policy, and in the mediation of conflicts, above all, for the consensus around the actions; an expanded view of reality, the professional analyzes the context and socioeconomic conditions of individuals; ability to identify the social vulnerability situations of families and people's needs; knowledge of the intersectorial network of social policies, as it directs and facilitates access to social rights; theoretical training, technical operative competence, the Social Worker performs assistance, monitoring, investigation and prepares a social opinion. Regarding the attributions, according to the field research, 100% of the social work projects were coordinated by Social Workers, and the technical teams were also composed mostly of Social Work professionals. Regarding the attributions, the main ones are related to socio-educational actions and assistance and referrals; Community organization; Formation of leaders; Select the demand to be met; Individualized assistance; Home visit; Assessment of the “degree of vulnerability”; Referrals for access to different public policies (social rent, health, education, social assistance); Carry out social duty; Prepare reports of the actions taken; Develop socioeconomic diagnosis of families. It is understood that the professional responses, as a result of the survey, point to meeting institutional requirements, but also the needs presented by workers benefiting from the actions. The particularity of the Social Worker's work is mediated by the political ethical project, by the professional training guided by the theoretical-methodological and political ethical dimensions. Therefore, there is a request for institutions and professional attributions, but the answers given to the requests and demands are shrouded in contradictions, as the socio-educational actions carried out may or may not have a critical content about the reality experienced.

This study sought to address and deepen the issues urrounding the issue of interruption/abandonment of treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS in order to better understand the conjunctural, structural and social factors that contribute to the fragility of this dynamic and multifactorial process. characterizes as membership in its broadest definition. Thus, the general objective was to analyze the low adherence to treatment of users with HIV/AIDS in a university hospital in Belém. The specific objectives were: to briefly contextualize health policies, highlighting their (re)meaning and their conception as a social right in the scope of HIV/AIDS; investigate the insertion of social services in the health area and its relationship with HIV/AIDS and analyze the process of (non) adherence to HIV/AIDS treatment in the specialized care service at the João de Barros Barreto University Hospital. An exploratory study wascarriedout, basedonquanti- qualitativeresearch,establishingadynamic relationship between the real world and the subject. The field research was carried out at the João de Barros Barretos University Hospital(UHJBB), reference institution in the treatment of people with HIV/AIDS, also using documentary research in the hospital's database (medical records), interviews with users and a local Social Worker, from September 2019 to February 2021. It was bserved that the factors that most impacted the continuity of treatment was the stigma that persists for more than 40 years of the epidemic generated by a number of technical and structural errors in Public Policies, corroborating for the massification of prejudice and discrimination.

This dissertation addresses socio-enviromental conflicts arising from the construction of ports complexes in Pará state from 3 (three) analysis parameters – threats to traditional communities, agents involved and ways of resistance from those communities. Due to the new pandemic, coronavirus (SARS-COV 2), the methodological procedures were redefined, using Systematic Literature Review (SLR) technique added to the documentary research, on-site observation and innterviews carried out at the Guajará de Beja community, Abaetetuba municipality, one of the impacted community by a port complex in Pará state. The observation in loco and the interviews carried out in that community in October, 2020, with all the caution recommended by the public health agencies in relation to the pandemic. From the SLR research protocol applyment , 10 (ten) studies were selected, which, afther analysis added to the other methodological procedures, indicated that disputes over natural/locational resources, in particular, for the port complexes installation in Pará state, they have produced socioenvironmental conflicts among economic, state and tradional communities in Pará’s amazon region, In the territories where living/working men and women, natives or not, the metabolic relationships mankind/nature are in permanent rupture process in the capitalist context, and it has been fierced, with State featuring, at the current historic square.

The dissertation presented herein aims to analyze the work of the social worker who works in the Student Assistance Program - PAE developed by the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), understanding the limits and possibilities of professional practice in this social-occupational space. To achieve the general objective, the following specific objectives were established To understand the process of articulation of the theoretical-methodological, ethical-political and technical-operative dimensions in the professional practice of social workers in student assistance; to apprehend the main technical-operative instruments used by social workers during their professional intervention process, in order to understand their contribution to guarantee rights in student assistance; Reflect on the main professional requisitions and institutional demands that are placed upon social workers in their professional practice in student assistance, in order to discern the particularities of this work; understand the difficulties and challenges posed in the work of social workers in student assistance, with the purpose of understanding the nuances of this social-occupational space. The present study was developed based on the historical and dialectical materialist method, having as methodological procedures: a bibliographical survey and documentary and field research. This is a qualitative research. The bibliographical survey comprised the reading of works that deal with the concepts and categories that surround the theme studied, such as: work; education; Social Service; constitutive dimensions of the profession; instrumentality; social worker's work; and student assistance. The documentary research was carried out by consulting documentary sources such as: Constitutions, decrees and presidential ordinances that regulate education policy and student assistance, Regiments and reports from the PAE and the UFRA. The field research was carried out with the PAE social workers at the UFRA, using the interview technique, via Google Meet, with the use of a semi-structured interview script. The research showed that the work developed by social workers is conditioned to the actions that make or do not make access to student assistance possible, and has gained centrality in the professional routine, the performance of socioeconomic studies, as an institutional request, to the detriment of other actions that the social worker can develop in student assistance. The study showed that social workers in their professional practice are able to articulate the constitutive dimensions of the profession, more explicitly the ethical-political and technical-operational dimensions. As for the technical-operative instruments, the social interview was the most developed by the professionals. It was found that the professionals experience a process of precariousness that has been materialized by work overload and intensification, but also with the occurrence of moral harassment. Regarding the limits, we identified: budget limitations and the centrality of income from the PNAES, deficiency of physical infrastructure and adequate materials, lack of management, as well as insufficient Social Service professionals and administrative support, which has caused the professionals to be overloaded and become ill. As for the challenges, it was observed the understanding of the real purpose of student assistance in the institution itself and overcoming the limits imposed by management: the difficulty for social workers to participate in training; the absence of democratic spaces for dialogue with the multiprofessional team, compromising the planning and evaluation of PAE/UFRA actions; the need to strengthen the internal organization process of the PAE social workers category, but also with other professional categories and students.

The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze the different conceptions and realities of poverty generated by the advance of capital in traditional communities in the industrialized forest of the Amazon, specifically in the Território do Conde, in Barcarena, in order to problematize the effects for these communities and be able to contribute with the formulation of policies and actions to support communities in the fight against “poverty”. In order to achieve this goal, the research was anchored under the method of historical-dialectical materialism, through which it is possible to apprehend the socio-historical determinations present in concrete reality, precisely in the construction of concepts and operational norms, with the support of mediation as an analytical-reflective category. The research methodology was based on a mixed focus of a quali-quantitative nature, as it covers social phenomena in their entirety, being used as instruments and techniques for data collection: a) bibliographic research, through articles, books, theses and dissertations on the conceptions of poverty, approaches to territory, well-being and traditional communities by critical studies of Political
Ecology b) documentary survey, carried out in official documentation that presented conceptions of poverty from international organizations, public bodies about the communities of Barcarena, as well as in social and territorial public policies; c) field research, through semi-structured interviews with 10 residents of 4 traditional communities in Barcarena. The research allowed, preliminarily, to understand: that the approaches to poverty permeate the global logic of the countries of central capitalism, therefore, it incorporates the logic of coloniality/modernity in their discourses; the conceptions of the Barcarena communities about poverty, wealth and development are central to the territory and, therefore, escape the considerations of multilateral organizations and local policies; the paradigm of living well, despite being an ethical-political horizon in the narratives of traditional communities, is not fully possible in the present sociabilities, but it is signaled in the resistance and permanence in the territories.

Professional Training and Work of Social Worker in the management of the Social Assistance Policy is a theme that presents itself as a constant challenge to be problematized in contemporary times. When considering the practices of managers of municipal secretariats of the Social Assistance Policy, trained in Social Work, relationships that express the involvement between the dimensions of sex, profession and Social Policy are observed. The Social Assistance and Social Work have been presented, on the one hand, in an area and profession that show an expressive presence of the female sex, and, on the other, they have shown throughout the historical processes, the links with the sphere of reproduction associated with the meaning of care. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the actions of municipal secretariats of the Social Assistance Policy in the State of Pará, especially those carried out by managers trained in Social Service. Verifying whether these actions developed in the context of the management of this policy by social workers, were based on professional activities aimed at accessing social rights or were based on the reproduction of conservative practices, involved critical analysis based on Marxism problematizing fundamental categories such as Work, Social Class and Social/Sexual Labor Division. The bibliographic documental and field research carried out with 6 women managers with training in Social Work  who had the experience as municipal secretaries of the Social Assistance Policy in the State of Pará and 1 technical servant of SEASTER-PA, totaled 7 interviews that articulated the documental research about the actions developed by the municipal secretariats, located in publications and information disclosed by public and private institutions, it was obtained as results that the relationship between statements and actions signals the existence of a distinction between conception and materialization of the policy by the municipal secretariat. Despite the changes and advances that have taken place in Social Assistance, when it is configured as a public policy in Brazil and in the formative guidelines of Social Work that is guided by the Marxist critical view, there is a continuity of practices developed by social workers based on the contradictions present in Brazilian Social Security, marked either in the absence of a class perspective and in the reproduction of social inequality, thus presenting the materialization of the limits of social policy.

The present dissertation presents as a study proposal the theme social protection and youth, whose general objective is to analyze the demands and difficulties that are present in the insertion of young people as subjects that demand the programs, services and projects developed in the Reference Centers of Assistance (CRAS) of the municipality of Breves / Marajó-PA. To achieve this goal, the study starts from critical social theory, and is developed through the dialectical method. It has as methodological procedure the accomplishment of bibliographic research, documental analysis and field research, considered as stages articulated with each other. The bibliographic review included reading works that deal with social protection and youth, social policies and social assistance, allowing to reflect on such categories. The documentary analysis was based on the reading of documents prepared by SNJ, IBGE, IPEA and the Ministry of Citizenship, as well as the analysis of the Municipal Social Assistance Plan - 2018/2021 and management reports produced by CRAS. The field research was carried out at SEMTRAS and CRAS, using systematic observation and semi-structured interviews with professionals and young users of social assistance services as instruments for data collection. The results show that youths stand out as a segment that increasingly experiences in their daily processes of denial and violation of rights, which demonstrates the existence of a reality of social (dis) protection for young people belonging to the class brevense worker. The study also made it possible to identify existing limits and potential in the work that the CRAS develop with these young people. As for the limitations, the professionals indicate the lack of resources and adequate infrastructure; absence of financial subsidies for young people who complete income generation courses; the lack of monitoring of young people who participate in activities aimed at professional qualification; the absence of training to work with young people; low number of actions for youths; lack of specific planning to think about the service; as well as the fact that the Youth Secretariat was not created. As potential, there is the motivation of young people to overcome challenges; participation in the actions in which they are involved; and, finally, the creation of partnerships to develop actions within the scope of the CRAS, however, the difference between the formation of partnerships and the intersectoral work is pointed out.

This study seeks to investigate the standardization of social housing in order to verify whether it meets the requirements for healthy housing. Which is characterized by a set of basic conditions, such as: a) comfortable, safe and wholesome shelter; b) accessible location, with access to the various institutions and basic services; and, c) protection for residents internally and externally. In view of this, it was developed based on the historical-dialectical materialist method, having as a fundamental strategy the analysis of the database belonging to the research project “The PAC urbanization of precarious settlements in Amazonian cities: methodological proposal for the evaluation of production and human occupation in housing policy in Belém and Macapá (CasaPAAP)” as a result of the investigation of four areas that have been relocated/resettled due to urban interventions, namely: Riacho Doce, Vila da Barca, both in Belém/PA, Taboquinha, in the District of Icoaraci and Jaderlândia, in Ananindeua/PA. The aforementioned database consists of 353 forms that were applied through interviews with residents from 2014 to 2016 (corresponding to the first stage of the research). It is a research of quantitative-qualitative approach and of a descriptive character, in which the main techniques are: bibliographic survey, documentary research and analysis of the database. The bibliographic survey prioritized classic and contemporary authors who contributed to the analysis of the housing issue in the capitalist dynamic; and helped to reflect on housing programs of social interest and healthy housing. The documentary research was carried out through the survey of official documents of the executed projects and data collection sites that provided subsidies for the justification of the research object. The analysis of the database was structured according to the research objectives, considering the main variables contained in the forms. The analyzes point to an incompatibility of the housing standard implemented in government social housing programs with the production of healthy housing. It was observed that the resettlement of families to the housing estates analyzed meant improvements in the physical conditions of the home, especially in relation to the appearance of the house and access to basic sanitation, however this change did not mean improvements for the safe stay and meeting the needs of the residents. residents, on the contrary, the resettlement imposed by social programs had negative impacts, such as: the disarticulation of families' survival strategies, dissatisfaction with the dimensions of the housing and typologies adopted, as well as greater difficulty in accessing urban services and equipment.

This study addresses the Basic Social Protection (BSP) of the National Social Assistance Policy (NSAP) for the riverside communities Urubuéua-Cabeceira and Arumanduba in the municipality of Abaetetuba/PA. The objective was to understand how the BSP is developed in the Reference Center in Social Assistance (RCSA) Ribeirinho Polo 4 located in the island area of the municipality of Abaetetuba. To achieve this overall goal, through the specific objectives – identifying the services, programs and social assistance benefits that the riverside communities Urubuéua-Cabeceira and Arumanduba access and how they access, understand how the participants of the research – users of RCSA and workers (as) of Unified System of Social Assistance (USSA) -, understand what it is to be riverside (a) and identify the main challenges and potentialities of basic social protection carried out in the island area of the municipality of Abaetetuba. Exploratory and documentary research was used, as well as the qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews with workers and riverside users of the aforementioned communities. The method of reality analysis was oriented in the light of historical and dialectical materialism. It was identified that, although the PSB performed at RCSA Ribeirinho Polo 4 is important for the riverside communities under study and its recognition is an advance of the USSA, this protection still presents important challenges. One of them concerns the natural conditions of the Amazonian territory that are not taken into account in the implementation of RCSA in the island region restricting and excluding the riverside dwellers to access BSP services, programs and benefits. It was also identified that there is no homogeneity of the USSA operators regarding the understanding of what it is to be riverside, thus inferring the difficulty of recognizing and intervening in the demands of users from their singularities. Finally, we identify that the riverside dwellers are unaware of RCSA role in the territory and understand it as aid, so it does not recognize it as a right.

The present dissertation had implementation of the housing policy in the municipality of Belém (PA), from the implementation of the housing program Viver Belém - PMCMV, and the PMHIS, in the period from 2013 to 2020, to understand how urban planning has been developed and urban management, as well as the effects and impacts resulting from housing policy of social interest. From a dialectical-critical perspective, a qualitative approach and content analysis were chosen, using bibliographic research, documentary and field research as methodological procedures, through semi-structured interviews. The results show impacts such as, families are not covered by the right to the city, when accessing the right to housing through the Viver Belém program, this right is restricted to access to housing. Impacts such as socio-spatial segregation, territorial exclusion, in the lives of beneficiary and / or demanded families, users, who, from access to HIS or due to housing insecurity, continue to demand social interest housing, do not consider the different realities of families , economic conditions, cultural diversity, employment and income, social relations of families suffer subjective and objective impacts. It was also observed that the impacts of urban planning and urban management on the implementation of the housing program Viver Belém (urban) are sharpened, due to their low effectiveness in solving the deficit. There is a disarticulation of urban management, a regression of the initial advances established to housing policy as a scope to analyze the process of social interest and misunderstanding, and little interest in the importance of urban instruments, such as the non-implementation of PMHIS, which although it was used to obtain funds from CAIXA, in the process of implementing Viver Belém it was not carried out, being deliberately forgotten in the PMB management (2013-2020). It appears that the effect of the housing policy has few positive impacts for the contemplated families. However, it is observed that the HIS policy does not end up covering families without income, who are outside the income bracket 1. These are in the profile of the defendants and need to be included, but their effectiveness is very low and is not achieved in the projection that proposes to guarantee decent housing and the right to the city. Thus, urban planning, urban management and housing policy of social interest must be carried out in a transversal way, recognizing the singularities of the beneficiary families and the demanded ones, in the agendas of their needs, their dissatisfactions, and resistance and struggles faced in the context and production of the urban space of Belém.

This work has as object of study the working conditions of the social workers who work in the Social Assistance Policy of the Municipality of Abaetetuba-Pará and its relationship with the health of these workers, whose main objective was analyze the working conditions of the social workers who work in the equipment of the Social Assistance Policy and their relationship with the health of the same (s). Based on the Marxian and Marxist perspective, historical and dialectical materialism was chosen for the analysis and interpretation and analysis of the data. It had as its starting point the realization of an exploratory and descriptive research, as well as, a research with a qualitative approach. For data collection, bibliographic and field research was used. The semi-structured interview technique was used to collect primary data and the bibliographic survey involved authors who discuss the category of work, social assistance policy, productive restructuring, the neoliberal state, as well as working conditions and health. of the workers in the aforementioned social assistance policy. The results showed that the working conditions in the social assistance policy in the aforementioned municipality, evidence a scenario of precarious and precarious work that directly affects the subjectivity of the workers surveyed, causing feelings that they are suffering at work and manifestations of illness at work. It was also found that despite the current situation being permeated by the violation of rights, workers seek resistance strategies, through social movements as a possibility for transformation.

The research entitled “The veiled cry and the executioners of nature” The impacts caused by the construction of mining waste treatment dams in Barcarena-Pa. It aims to analyze the scenario of social, environmental and economic impacts that are caused by the actions of mining megaprojects, especially the disasters caused by the rupture of dams of the companies Hydro / Alunorte and Imerys-RCC. In order to achieve the general objective, a set of specific objectives was outlined: The first aims to systematize the academic debate on socio-environmental impacts related to mining tailings dams; The second seeks to carry out a survey of the socio-environmental impacts caused by the construction of tailings treatment dams in Barcarena; And the third, envisages to investigate, from the experiences of local actors / subjects, social changes, direct and indirect impacts caused by the actions of mining projects. The research has as methodical orientation the Dialectical Historical Materialism, based on the writings of the social-critical theory, delimiting as methodological procedures, the Researches, bibliographic, documentary, and the field - field visit, which served as bridges and instruments that helped to objectify the results achieved. Theoretical systematizations point out that the capitalist mode of production, in its evolution, has accelerated the process of capital accumulation and concealing the impacts on the lives of workers and communities living in / of the territories in which the enterprises are installed. In this logic, it appears that the disasters, caused by the companies Hydro / Alunorte and Imerys, reveal to us a reality of unequal conditions accentuated by the capitalist logic, which the traditional peoples and communities of the Amazon suffer daily from the effects, as it is limited to them, the right to develop their conditions of survival, such as: fishing and the production of their own food, since the water, the air and the land are contaminated by chemical products, another, yes, they are restricted to the right of production and reproduction of social, cultural and community relations.

This dissertation brings a critical analytical study on the Fundamentals of Social Work and Work with Families, therefore, intends to uncover the mediations that cross professional work and that constitute its interventional process with regard to the approach with families along the trajectory of the profession, from its emergence to contemporaneity. Its main objective was to identify the theoretical-methodological trends that guide the work of social workers with families within the scope of housing policy in the municipality of Belém/PA. For this, in its structure, it brings up reflections on the emergence and institutionalization of the profession in the world conjuncture and, later, in the Brazilian scenario; rescues some theoretical perspectives related to the social sciences, which influenced the profession throughout its historical journey; it elucidates the conceptions of the family of authors of the different regions of Brazil, who are dedicated to the debate on this theme and its ramifications; The research was developed based on the theoretical contribution of the critical historical method, having as methodological procedures: bibliographic, documentary and field research, the latter of qualitative character with semi-structured interviews with social workers who work in the execution of social work within the municipal housing department (SEHAB/PA). The set of data collected in empirical research shows that there is a theoretical-methodological combination of different aspects, which signal the reupdating of conservatism from eclecticism; dissociation of the theory-practice unit in the field of training and professional work; whereas the family conceptions of professionals are not coherently tied to the theoretical-methodological references on which they indicated to base their analyses; the absence of family disciplines in the vocational training process; precariousness of professional training courses that promote specialized training spaces in this area; the absence of methodological strategies for directing intervention with families; and finally, it was evident that the conservative and technical-bureaucratic rationality of institutional management, directly rebates in the professional work of professionals. Thus, it was identified the trivialization of restricted performance, reduction of the technical team, increase of the turnover of professionals in the execution of social work because of precarious contracts and outsourcing of services; relations established by a political-party bias; limitation of resources and professional autonomy, among other items.

This work presents a documentary analysis with decolonial perspectives of the territorial plans designed, respectively, for the Amazon and the territory of Barcarena. Its general objective was to identify the elements of the coloniality of power in the instruments of territorial planning in the Amazon, guided by the materialist-historical and dialectical method of interpreting reality from a decolonial analysis. The research carried out was descriptive and exploratory, qualitative, and its inferences come from a bibliographic and documentary research. The bibliographic survey involved authors who approach the discussion about the coloniality of power, colonialism and the social formation process of the Brazilian Amazon. In the documentary research, readings and analyzes of international and municipal documents on the territorial planning of Barcarena were carried out, such as the Agenda for Priority Integration Projects of the South American Council for Infrastructure and Planning (2012-2022) and the Master Plan for Urban Development of Barcarena (2016-2026). The results confirmed the presence of the coloniality of power in the official instruments of global and local territorial planning, identifying in the guidelines, principles, objectives, deliberations the variables that express colonial rationality in the process of controlling the territories of the Amazon, as well as simultaneously revealing the resistance and struggles of traditional peoples and communities in the defense of their territories, ways of life, cultures, belonging and identities.

This work addresses public health policies in quilombola communities in the municipality of Abaetetuba/PA. The objective was to verify how the general objectives of the National Policy for the Comprehensive Health of the Black Population (PNSIPN) and the National Policy for the Comprehensive Health of the Populations of the Countryside, Forests and Waters (PNSIPCFA) are materialized in the Health Policy of the municipality from Abaetetuba/PA, with regard to actions and services directed to quilombola communities in the municipality. The method of interpretation and analysis of reality based on historical and dialectical materialism based on the Marxian and Marxist perspective was used as a basis. The research was exploratory, descriptive and explanatory with a qualitative approach and, in relation to the design of the procedures for data collection, its results come from a bibliographic, documentary and field research. The bibliographic survey involved authors who discuss the Health Policy and health equity, the constitution of quilombos, as well as the regional reality and the health of quilombola communities in the Brazilian Amazon. In the documentary research, readings and analyzes of documents from the municipal sphere of Abaetetuba/PA, such as the Pluriannual Plan (2018-2021), the Municipal Health Plan (2018-2021), the Annual Health Programs - PAS ( 2017 and 2018) and the Annual Health Report (2017). The field research consisted of successive approximations and distances to the municipality, a dynamic that enabled observation and reflections and, in addition to this data collection technique, a semi-structured interview was used, carried out with one of the leaders of the Association of Quilombos Remaining Communities of Islands of Abaetetuba/PA (ARCHIA). Regarding participation in participative management spaces, following the example of the Municipal Health Council of the municipality of Abaetetuba/PA, it was identified, based on the research participant's indication, that ARQUIA does not have a seat as a representative entity for SUS users, and that the Council is a space in which the proposals presented have antagonistic interests. However, there was the participation of three entities representing the inhabitants of the rural area of the municipality, which represent the traditional communities of the municipality, including quilombola communities.

The theme approached in this study intersects theoretical and experimental aspects, in an analysis of how to make social assistance professionals in the scope of the Civil Police, verifying not only the appearance of the object now displayed, but mainly for its essence. In our hypothesis, the application of the insertion of assistants in urban sectors is not based on the idea of preventing and inhibiting violence, but is also strengthened in the use of incentives to exercise a culture of peace that results in the transformation of treatment. of offensive potential offenses in court proceedings. Thus, this work was developed using documentary research, empirical research and observationº For the analysis of the elements the dialectical method was used to perform the movement exercise between a concrete theory and a theory. Thus, know the research that addresses the Social Work and the practice of social workers in urban sectors of the Belém Metropolitan Region, desperate or anxious or interest in the theme and debate about a profession that is fostered.

This master's dissertation analyzes the right to rural housing in small cities of Pará, through the National Rural Housing Program (PNHR), highlighting the specificities related to the reality of the Amazon, focusing on the particularities and local reality, considering the aspects socioeconomic status of families in these areas and the responses that the policy / program presents in its normative and legal parameters. It emphasizes the new trends of housing production in the State of Pará, especially the federal programs directed to the Amazonian context and the challenges posed for the universalization of the right to rural housing, since the issue of rural housing is unique in this process. Since capital advances in the production of space, that within the capitalist mode of production, the housing commodity is part of the dynamics of capital accumulation. The study is based on theoretical references on the process of formation and production of space in capitalist cities, the issue of housing for the working class, housing policy in Brazil and the Amazon, with emphasis on the right to housing and its implications for housing. Pará. The theoretical-methodological approach of the research will be guided by the categories of Historical and Dialectical Materialism, based on the method in Marx, there is an analysis that considers the contradictions existing in housing policy and makes notes towards the dialectical movement that articulates the universality-particularity-uniqueness of the object under study, that is, the constituent elements of the rural housing issue. The research is divided into bibliographic, documentary and field, particularly in the cities of Abaetetuba, Santa Isabel do Pará and Soure-PA, and points to the importance of policies aimed at the working class, low income and rural areas, as having access to the home does not effectively translate into living conditions, access to public services and equipment, and quality of housing. The PNHR has been contributing to access to the house, but in contradiction, it turns to the interests of the real estate market, which homogenizes and disregards the diverse and singular realities of small towns. The aim is also to foster discussions on the theme in Social Work, so that the profession can appropriate the issues related to rural housing in Pará and strengthen its instruments of action, allowing to understand and contextualize the policy and programs in the light of a perspective. historical partner of city formation and formulation and implementation of housing policy.

This dissertation deals with the situation of children and adolescents linked to families of workers affected by the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant. For this study to be carried out, an analysis was made of the Pact for Children and Adolescence in the Xingu region, which took place in 2012 in the city of Altamira in the state of Pará. National Council for the Rights of Children and Adolescents (CONANDA), with the definition of measures that made several institutions responsible for the protection and defense of this segment. In this sense, the questions that guided the investigation highlighted the process and results of the Pact, as well as the current situation of directly impacted children and adolescents. In addition, he wondered about the evaluation of activists and workers from social, civil and political rights advocacy institutions about the post-Covenant and the Rights Guarantee System directed at children and adolescents. The dissertation aims to analyze the violations of the rights of children and adolescents in the context of the negative impacts caused in the Xingu region due to the construction of the Belo Monte Plant and as specific objectives: contribute to the rescue of the Pact for Children in the Xingu region. to verify changes in social policy directed at children and adolescents; update data on the situation of children and adolescents living in Altamira; To know the evaluation of the workers and activists of the rights of children and adolescents about the Pact to better understand the contradictions that explain the social policies in general, and the sector, directed to children and adolescents, in particular, in Brazil. The investigation tried to follow some orientations of the Dialectical Historical Materialism method, mainly its contributions about the need to investigate and analyze social phenomena from the general, particular and singular relation. The field research was carried out from the survey of documentary data in public agencies that operate with the Xingu Region Child Rights Guarantee System and through the consultation on the 2017 Map of Violence, as well as semi-structured interviews. with technicians and activists of the social movement. The survey results show the increase in violations of the rights of children and adolescents and the inclusion of a portion of this public in drug trafficking, the growing number of adolescents who commit an offense. Violations of rights in the Collective Urban Resettlement spaces, which corroborates the research already conducted on the increase of violence in the city of Altamira, such as the increasing number of homicides.

The present study aims to analyze the repercussions of the PBF for the beneficiary population's access to health and work rights in the municipality of Cametá-Pará, considering that health is part of the set of conditionalities to remain in the Program and work Constitutes one of its dimensions / structuring axes. To this end, an empirical research was carried out with 2 (two) CRAS's (Reference Center for Social Assistance), the Secretariat of Health and the county Cadunical Headquarters, whose subjects were 6 (six) Professionals working in these institutions and 20 (twenty) PBF beneficiaries. This is a quantitative and qualitative research, whose data were collected through cool apparatuses, official documents and interviews with professionals and beneficiaries of the BFP. Under historical-dialectical methodological orientation, we sought to overcome the appearance of the study object proposed for, then, to grasp its essence, problematizing it based on the contradictions typical of class society. Among the main conclusions of this research, it is noteworthy that the PBF beneficiary population residing in the urban area of the referred municipality access the health services that constitute as conditionalities (Anthropometric Evaluation, Vaccination, Prenatal) and do not find it difficult to respond to This requirement, however, those who live in remote areas, such as rural / riverine regions, report that they can respond to this conditionality, but face difficulties in accessing the same health services, meaning that access to health is not equal conditions for PBF beneficiaries. With regard to access to work, this study showed that complementary activities are not developed as PBF strategies to address poverty, thus, social productive inclusion is still a challenge for social assistance policy, particularly in the municipality of Cametá-Pará, where the actions developed by the SCFV in which some PBF beneficiaries participate have not allowed access to work.

The present study aims to analyze the particularities of the professional work of the social worker in the social assistance services of the Unified Social Assistance System - SUAS, in the territory of Icoaraci / Belém-Pará, in the context of transformations in the world of work and above all, the dismantling of workers' social, labor and social security rights. And to achieve this goal, qualitative research was used to bring the voice of social workers captured through semi-structured interviews, as well as documentary research, aiming at a wider range of information. Moreover, the method of analysis of the collected data is oriented in the light of Historical and Dialectical Materialism, which enabled a broad analysis of reality, from the reach of the whole phenomenon, and through deep mediations with the historical movement of society. Thus, the data of this research show that the particularities of the professional work of the social worker in the social assistance services of the Unified Social Assistance System - SUAS, in the territory of Icoaraci / Belém-Pará, express, in a contradictory way, tensions due to the precarious working conditions in the socio-occupational spaces of the Reference Center for Social Assistance (CRAS) - Icoaraci, Specialized Reference Center for Social Assistance (CREAS) - José Carlos Pacheco Dias and Specialized Center for the Homeless (Pop Pop) - Icoaraci. Therefore, it is noted that under the neoliberal orientation in public services, there is a (re) direction of the work of this professional for punctual, emergency, social control and mediation actions for the “appeasement” of class struggles, or that is, focused on “the maintenance of order and the creation of class consensus in a markedly unequal society that ensures social reproduction” (IAMAMOTO, 2000, p. 95). As a result, we learn that there is a huge driving force that permeates public services, leading the advance of (neo) conservative actions that enhance the social minimum.

This dissertation aims to reflect on the changes in the use of territory that the city of Barcarena / PA, city of the Amazon, has been suffering in recent decades and that has changed the traditional way of life occurred in the self-denominated by its traditional communities, “Territory of the Count ”, mainly since the late 1970s and early 1980s, with the installation of an industrial complex of the aluminum production chain and logistic ventures for the production flow. To this end, I followed the path of exploratory research of qualitative nature, based on the theoretical support of historical and dialectical materialism. Still as a working methodology, the official documents (reports, diagnoses, cartographic products, actions of the Public Prosecution Service, etc.) were analyzed, as well as the participation of public hearings and participation in the construction of the Social Cartography of the Territory of the Count. Thus this dissertation, points out that the dynamics of the enterprises have been transforming the scenario of these populations, having rampant exploitation of natural resources, environmental crimes, violation of the rights of traditional communities. Thus, the territory is now disputed in this region, and there are then various power relations and various socio-spatial modifications of the territory. Thus the communities of the Territory of the Count reaffirm themselves in the territory seeking new instruments of struggles to ensure their right to the territory and its traditional ways, thus reflecting the particularities of this city in the Amazon Region.

The challenge of this study was to analyze the ways in which capital transvestites in the state legitimizes processes of exploitation of the working-class labor force, manipulating the subjects' understanding of the contradictions of capitalist society, severely tempered in the context of the structural crisis of capital. The starting point, therefore, was to study "The Work of the Young Apprentice in the Supermarkets of Belém-Pará", relating it to the training of researched educational institutions, SENAC and PROATIVA, from the understanding of imperative determinations of capital and new of the labor relations that were inaugurated with the productive restructuring. Thus, it analyzes the Young Apprentice Program as an expression of these determinations engendered by the logic of neoliberal policies of Labor and Employment within the scope of the Brazilian State. The methodology involved the collection of primary data from the research carried out with 30 (thirty) young people who participate in this Program, 15 (fifteen) of each of the two institutions being surveyed, whose actions are directed towards the training of young people to work as apprentice in Belém. The reflections that allowed the apprehension of the concrete reality of the object of study, from the investigative process to the analysis of the data, were based on the use of the critical method of Marx as a theoretical and methodological contribution that made it possible to situate the object of study in reality from the perspective of the concrete. Thus, the results of the study demonstrated the alignment of the Young Apprentice 's Work in the Supermarkets in Belém - Pará with the processes of managing the effects of the structural crisis of capital, which forms strategies for the utilization of the workforce of young working class children, at a low cost, obscuring the understanding about unemployment and leading the subsumption of these young people to the patterns of labor exploitation.

This study seeks to analyze the intervention of the professional work of the Social Service in urban-housing projects in Belém considering the different orientations between the ethical political project of the profession and the governmental demands to the professional exercise in these projects. The research was developed based on the dialectical materialist method for the investigation of the phenomenon, having as methodological procedures: documentary and field research (through interviews). The study is based on theoretical references on urban space and the capitalist state, as an analysis of how the space was formed, identifying that the structuring of the cities occurred through a hygienist policy with a strong market trait, creating an abyss between the spaces for the ruling elite and the working class. With this, it was prioritized in the bibliographical survey, classic and contemporary authors, who discuss the logic of the production of the cities. In order to collect the information by the interviewees, a structured questionnaire was applied with the following variables: identification of the interviewee and which project acts or acted; what are the main governmental demands; what activities they develop within the team; what is the meaning of the ethical-political project; if there is possibility of professional performance in accordance with this project; what professional strategies are used in defense of users; what are the positive aspects of professional work in social technical work projects; what are the dilemmas of acting; challenges for professional action based on the ethical-political project. The survey was carried out in the second half of 2017, reaching 10 (ten) Social Assistants who work in different institutions of public or private nature, such as: Municipal Housing Secretariat, NGO and outsourced company that implement the social technical work project. There is an important element of analysis for the research that refers to the refusal of the majority of the professionals sought to participate in the research, and everything indicates that this fear is related to the precarious employment relationship. They are Social Wizards hired. The analyzes point to the fragile knowledge that professionals have regarding the ethical-political project of Social Service and how to have a professional practice taking this project as a horizon. Thus, the results of this dissertation indicate that the social workers interviewed still see a distance between theory and practice and, although they recognize the importance of the ethical-political project, they consider that daily life is a limiting factor for a critical and transformative practice.

Our task in this work is to try to understand how the advance of capitalism over non-capitalist territories affects the labor relations in traditional communities in the Amazon, starting from the case study of the Santo Ezequiel Moreno Community, located in the interior of the municipality of Portel / PA, in the 1970s and 1980s. In this period, this community presented an intense appropriation of the nature mediated by "intermediaries" and capitalist companies that used the work force of riverside. The case study made possible the manifestation of speech and knowledge, the recovery of the memory built up in social relations by extractive workers of the açaí palm heart, who experienced capitalist labor relations in non-capitalist territories. Labor relations related to kinship, gender, labor instruments and techniques, working hours, commercial relations and the price of hearts of palm were categories discovered in the field research, which we present and carry out the synthesis and discussion. The methodology involved the presentation of the method of analysis and exposure, the importance of the qualitative approach, the methodological procedures for the exposure of the object and the techniques used in the research. In discussing the results, we can see the coexistence of capitalist labor relations in non-capitalist territories. These relations depended on the mediation of social individuals who were willing to trade commodities. Still in the synthesis and discussion of the results we defend that the social reproduction of the residents of the Community, in the decades of 1970/80, depended, therefore, of the realization of products of the work in the exchange for money through atypical relations of work to the capitalism. In this sense, this contradictory logic of dependence on capitalist labor relations towards non-capitalist territories was decisive for the genesis and development of the Santo Ezequiel Moreno Community. The conclusions reveal that labor relations involved the exploitation of the labor force in self-employed forms and the production of surplus value. These determinations appear in the exposition of research as a starting point for capitalist production on atypical bases.

This work was carried out in order to understand the "Urban Intervention and Urban Violence in Belém: The Experience of the Orla Project in the Jurunas District". From the thematic presented our objectives were: To understand how the violence manifests itself; Identify the characteristics of this violence; Check the residents' perception of violence and how they deal with this phenomenon; and Verify how the Public Security agents work in the Region. In order to achieve our objectives, qualitative-qualitative research was used as a methodology, and qualitative research allowed us to use bibliographical research, which was based on the collection of theoretical references, such as books and scientific articles, documents about the Orla Project, and texts on the subject studied; for the accomplishment of the quantitative research we used the field research, which characterized in investigations that went beyond the bibliographic research, in which it was possible to interview 42 subjects from each family of the villages near the Portal da Amazônia. The interview technique showed us that for the interviewees urban violence is understood as actions of crimes such as robberies, drug trafficking, and the usual robberies that occur in the Orla, however, we can emphasize that for these problems in urban infrastructure are understood as natural, not as a violent practice from the state. We came to the conclusion that for residents of the villages beyond the types of crimes and actions already mentioned, there are now actions of militiamen who started to act in the area. Therefore, the theme of urban violence leads us to understand that in the case of the Orla Project urban violence in this region goes beyond the aggressions between the subjects, and that this is also committed by the State from the failure to implement public policies in which we understand such as violence, which we call "invisible violence," and this omission leaves those in need of state action, increasingly vulnerable and prone to crime.

The objective of this study is to analyze the Family Practice in the fight against domestic and family violence against women, in the Court of Justice of the State of Maranhão - Imperatriz, from the cases that were referred to the social service in the period of 2011 to 2015, seeking to identify the procedural treatment that is given to women who suffer domestic violence and have their family conflicts judicialized. The theoretical trajectory starts from the contextualization of the patriarchy, following the contours of the history that the violence against the woman has reached. The influence of Portuguese Law, for the formation of Brazilian law. It presents the struggle of feminist movements in the international arena for the recognition of the rights of Brazilian women. Then presents the Law Maria da Penha and the innovations of this legal institute. Finally, it presents the documentary research that will substantiate the proposed study, where it can be perceived the necessity of the participation of Family Varas in the construction and implementation of the network to combat domestic and family violence against women in the Comarca of Imperatriz-MA.

The present study has as a proposal to reflect the meanings and limits present in the development of the student assistance policy, considering, therefore, the UFPA Permanency Program: the most demanding student assistance program in the university, and completing a study of trends Identify and discuss in the various institutions present throughout Brazil, from the systematic reading of papers presented at the scientific event of the Social Service area: National Meeting of Researchers in Social Service (ENPESS), conducted by the Brazilian Association of Teaching and Research in Service (ABEPSS), identifying at the end of the study, based on the importance of student assistance as an alternative for the democratization of the student's permanence in higher education, outlined throughout the centuries amidst disputes and conflicts in the civil society sphere, guidance In the sense of enlargement, quality of Services rendered and recognition of the demands. However, although it can consider the observance and parity of the PNAES in the achievement of the objectives broadly proposed nationally, the policy developed in the university reveals elements that need a broad participatory discussion and reevaluation in the direction of improvement, as well as being identified in a large scale , In federal public institutions in the rest of Brazil, through the study of the reflections put through the ENPESS scientific events (2014-2016).

This paper aims to examine the gender approach in socioassistenciais services offered by the Centro de Referência de Assistência Social (CRAS) of the municipality of Salinópolis-PA, sought to identify the possible contributions of this service for women users, since they are the main demandatárias of this policy. To achieve this goal of qualitative research was bringing the voice of users collected through semi-structured interview, the method of analysis of this dissertation is oriented under the light of dialectical and historical materialism, which enabled a broad analysis of reality. Thus it was observed that despite the CRAS have potential to contribute significantly to improving the participation of women in public spaces, particularly the poorest, this potentiality is sterilized by the absence of emancipative content, which leads to the conclusion that genre is a category not yet worked on welfare policy, especially in the CRAS of Salinas.

This study seeks to analyze the socioeconomic impacts on the lives of families resettled at the Residencial Antônio Vinagre by the Estrada Nova River Basin Sanitation Program (PROMABEN) in the city of Belém-PA. The research was developed based on the dialectical method for the investigation of the phenomenon, having as methodological procedure: bibliographical survey, documentary and field research. The study is based on theoretical references on the production of the capitalist city and the inequality of appropriation of the urban land, processes that directly impact on the production of precarious housing for the fractions of the Brazilian working class that can not access the private housing market , Given the price formation mechanisms of urbanized land. This led to the prioritization of classic and contemporary authors, who discuss the logic of city production focusing on the process of removing precarious settlements in Brazil throughout the history of urban housing. The documentary research consists of the readings and analysis of PROMABEN documents, made available by the Municipality of Belém and the IDB, in order to verify the information about the urban intervention, as well as the new guidelines and / or technical norms for resettlement Of families. For the data collection, we counted on the application of structured form with the variables: profile of the resident; Work and income; Housing situation; Situation of public services; Political participation and the perception of the resident. Field research, carried out in the second half of 2016, reached 52 (fifty-two) residents resettled to the Comandante Cabano Antônio Vinagre Residential Complex, corresponding to approximately 50% of the total families resettled to the Residential until the date of the survey . The analyzes point to the precarious conditions of popular housing constituted in unsanitary and inadequate areas, such as slums, favelas, and, in the case of Belém, the lowlands, which historically are the targets of sanitary urbanistic experiences, which prioritize Physical infrastructure of the space, to the detriment of the conditions of social reproduction of the families removed. Therefore, the results of this dissertation show that the resettlement of families to the Residencial Antônio Vinagre, carried out by PROMABEN, led to the disarticulation of the inhabitants' survival strategies, expressed in variables such as: loss of work activity (27%); Increase in expenses with the water rate (48%); Increase in expenses with the electric energy rate (65.3%); Increase in the cost of living (61.5%); (55.8%) among others, confirming that resettlement did not alter the subaltern status of the working dweller, because the production and use of the city directly corresponds to the social division of labor in space. Therefore, only the alteration of the place of residence of the workers does not alter their survival condition as a working class, because the income conditions remain the same as in the previous area or even worse, and the residents are unable to use the new Same survival strategies that they used in the precarious settlement, in this case in the lowland.

This dissertation aimed to elucidate the political, ideological and economic determinations in the programmatic contradictions regarding the reality of the social worker's work in social security, starting in 2009, the priority attention to the demand of the BPC, social assistance policy secondary to the assistance to the Insured to access their social security rights. It is argued that the Brazilian Social Security, especially the Social Security and Social Assistance policies, suffered from the impacts of the implantation of the neoliberal governments that began in the country since the 1990s. Mainly, the commitment made by the right-wing governments and the government of the With the guidelines of the World Bank in a way that metamorphosed the concept of Social Security established by the Federal Constitution of 1988. From this debate we analyze how these determinants affect the centrality of the work of the social worker in the Brazilian Social Security , From 2009, began to prioritize the demand for the Continuous Benefit, linked to the Social Assistance Policy, secondarily providing assistance to policyholders to access their social security rights. The field research was carried out 6 agencies of the Social Security located in Belém of Pará, whose subjects were: 12 social workers, 3 medical experts and 7 managers of the respective agencies. As a data collection instrument, the semi-structured interview was applied, in addition to systematic observation. As theoretical-methodological contribution, Marx's social theory and the dialectical historical materialism method were chosen in view of the successive approximation of the real, starting from the assumption that the essence of the object to be known does not appear in the appearance of the phenomenon, Which demands of the researcher a movement of approximation with the object, that denies it, that abstracts it and that concretizes it, trying to apprehend the content of this form of work beyond its appearance, but starting from them, through the mediations of its determinations, Seeking to unveil the contradictions put in this social-occupational space. Political, ideological, and economic determinations are deeply mediated by changes in the world of work following the 1970s productive restructuring, such as unemployment, job instability, and increased informal work, when workers are unable to gain access to the protective system regulated by Social assistance policy. Still, that with an increase in the industrial reserve army, without wages, workers live in extreme poverty and, therefore, the State, through the revision of neoliberalism in its constituent bases, adopts a model in Brazil called "social liberal" where the World Bank in exchange for financial loans, implement social policies focused on this public. As a result of this scenario the last part of this work shows the impact of this reality on the attendance of the users of social security the "insured"; To the applicants of the BPC and also to the nature of the social service in the INSS so that one can observe the contradictions put to the professional exercise in this work locus.

The international migration of Haitians is the fruit of the Haitian integration into the global economic system. The implication of MINUSTAH, present in Haiti since 2004 on Brazil's leadership, in the choice of Haitians to come to the Brazilian territories, the economic expansion of that country in the first decade of the twenty-first century, the precarious insertion of Haitians in the labor market are relevant elements To justify our assumption. In this way, we propose to inquire how the migratory flows of the Haitians to Brazil can be understood as a recruitment of labor destined to the superexploration in the logic of the international division of labor. Our reflection is guided by the light of Marxist criticism. A documentary research was conducted to determine the object of study and to discuss the categories and history of Haitian migration. We also conducted a field survey in Sao Paulo where we interviewed Haitian migrants, public servants, Peace Mission representatives and employers. The data collected show the opportunities of Brazil are made possible by MINUSTAH in the universe of the imaginary of the Haitians who come to that country in search of work. Moreover, the working and living conditions of Haitian migrants are precarious, mainly due to low wages and unemployment.

Keywords: International Migration. Workforce. Superexploration. Dependency. International Labor Division.

BORGES, Odália Lima. URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND THE ISSUE OF HOUSING: Social and Urban CAP in Belém / PA. Belém, 2016, 195 pages. Paper presented to the Master's Degree in Social Work, Graduate Program in Social Work, Institute of Social Sciences, Federal University of Pará, as partial requirement for the Master title Social Services, Public Policies and Development.

This work is the result of research conducted in the Graduate Program in Social Federal University of Pará Service, with the universe of research the Community Faith in God, which was under control of the Social CAP and Urban in the period April 2012 to October 2015. So this dissertation has as object the analysis of urban intervention of the Social and Urban PAC in the Community Faith in God, aiming to verify, during and after completion of the project in the area if the actions foreseen in the project were fully implemented and whether those actions met the demands of the local population. The study starts from the on-site observation, photographic records, appointments to official sites, semi-open interview, documentary and bibliographical research, whose theoretical and methodological support authors and authors who discuss the production of urban space and urban development policies in context of the general relations of the capitalist mode of production. The analysis in this study shows that the Social CAP and Urban run in the area, it was with low and / or no participation of local people, used questionable quality material, both in infrastructure services, such as paving the streets, as in the construction of housing units, has not completed the land regularization project, not included or partially included the construction of equipment and services provided for in the project, the Social and Urban CAP is inconclusive in the Community Faith in God.

KEYWORDS: Urban Development. Social and Urban CAP. Project Social Work Technician. Community Faith in God

This study aimed to analyze the implementation and operation of public policies for worker safety and health in the municipality of Parauapebas-PA. Therefore, the research sought to study the global and national economic policy environment in the contemporary world; perform historical review of the National Policy Institution of Occupational Health and Working (PNSTT) and the National Policy on Safety and Health work and analyze the actions and policy interventions at national, state and municipal level. Developed a research work contemplating the formulation and implementation of actions on workers' health, considering the makers represented in the survey by the ILO member company Vale S / A and trade unions; the Enforcers, represented by managers and employees of the security services and health of workers and beneficiaries, represented by the mining workers. The phenomenon studied showed permeated with contradictions and social determinations and could not be considered only within the limits of public policy for worker safety and health, it became necessary to analyze other social elements, which directly and indirectly determine the dynamics public policy in the municipality of Parauapebas. Through the critical-dialectical method it was possible to carry out the "way back" and understand the nuances of the unfavorable environment for public policy safety and occupational health in the Region. It points out that the ineffectiveness of these policies is determined by economic policy conditions in Brazil, but also by the local environment, where we observe the extension of the "industrial reserve army", the preference for Health Insurance, the (un) social control in health worker and neo-corporatist role of the unions. Contradictorily, the survey that sought information on the implementation of public policies for worker safety and health found more data on intensification of exploitation and control of labor power than promoting the health of these workers. Given the results revealed by the research work, it is concluded that the labor force in the municipality of Parauapebas-PA, despite the existence of legal framework and apparatus of public policy protection remains unprotected in all aspects of the fence, in special, safety and occupational health.

Keywords: Safety and health of workers; public policy; workforce

This work aims to discuss corporate social responsibility policy and the role of private organizations in the state of Para For this, we used bibliographical, documentary and empirical research, and used as methodological tools: on-site observation / interviews;. field journal; writing and transcribing the interviews; analysis and systematization of interviews by categories; comparison between speeches and actual reality; and writing the dissertation. They interviewed managers of Community Relations, Public Managers, Private Organizations Managers and Leaders Community in three Para mesoregions (Belém, Carajás and Tapajós). Thus, the analysis was made from the comparison between expectations and reality, in order to grasp the everyday as give the relations between companies and communities. In view of this, the first chapter will be presented conceptual views on the subject "development" from the position the region occupies in the international division of labor in order to characterize which the concept used in government policies and business. In the second chapter, far be it to a historical review of Brazilian Mining Policy and a brief presentation of Pará scenario in order to identify the legal devices used by the state to regulate and legitimize mining in the state. Finally, in the third chapter, the search results will be presented through a conversation between the social subjects involved in research (government, private organizations and Communities).

Keywords: Enterprise policy; Social responsability; Private organizations;

This thesis is a study about the LGBT Movement activities in the city of Belém do Pará, aimed to make a critical and constructive analysis in core violations of subjects LGBT's and homophobia via the identification of political processes and identities movements. The study aimed to characterize the political profile of LGBT's movements, and to identify the current situation of the strategic actions of the movement in the construction of public LGBT's policies and addressing homophobia; pointing out the achievements and contributions of these movements in dealing with violations segment which is under the aegis of compulsory heterosexuality and contemporary heteronormativity. And in this sense does not have to unlink the problem of the proposed study, the investigation of the dialectical method, which enables the analysis of capitalist society and social relations, therefore, the formation of this society is built by a set of elements consisting of values and standards cultural heteronormativity driven by capitalist ideology. However, the consolidation of capitalist society and impose invisibly the hierarchy of sexuality and sex-power relationship, has shown through statistical data and indicators that breach those who do not follow the heteronormativity has grown from year 2000. The methodological approach was through qualitative research, as well as documentary research, systematic observation, bibliographic and field. Our results direct to an eminently historical analysis and recovery of the LGBT movement memory as well as its restrengthening this contemporary conjuncture current setback collapse of the Brazilian Magna Carta and the violation of citizenship. Work as a preliminary analysis is of great significance to the field of social work and to the training of social workers in relation to the category tradition of uncompromising defense of human rights and based social intervention in the goals of the ethical-political project of the professional category

This dissertation addresses the degradation of living conditions for residents of the industrial district of Low Pequiá in the municipality of Açailândia/Ma from Steel Pole deployment of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce in the region. The objectives of the study sought to characterize the health conditions and environment, employment and income and also the community organization of the population from impacts caused by development projects in the area. From a critical perspective, it was carried out in addition to the Bibliographic and document research, a survey of secondary data obtained by consulting the research already carried out in the Low Pequiá district by public and / or non-governmental organizations entities. Also were conducted interviews with residents. The results obtained indicated that, even with the social organization emerged in coping with the social impacts caused by Steel Pole, the living conditions of the residents of that area proves the extreme violation of social rights.

Keywords: Amazon. Health/Environment. Employment/Income. Community organization. Low Pequia.

This Master's Dissertation aims to determine to what extent the Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) incorporated the instruments on the Social Housing System expressed within Local Social Housing (PLHIS) 05 (five) small towns in the State of Pará (Aurora do Pará, Limoeiro do Ajuru, Primavera, São Francisco do Pará and Soure). The research was developed based on the dialectical method, and the methodological procedure: literature, documentary and field research. The literature prioritized studies on Property Issues in the capitalist mode of production, with classical authors and contemporary, discussing the construction of urban space in the capitalist dynamics, the logic of housing production, focusing on the production of small Amazonian cities. The documentary research was conducted in 21 PLHIS checking: a) instruments and programs adopted action plans for housing assistance; b) prioritization of areas of intervention; c) meeting criteria for families in housing programs; d) x established local housing need targets; and, e) Minha Casa Minha Vida. The field survey was conducted in five (05) small towns paraenses to develop analyzes of the housing production of the Minha Casa Minha Vida and the same relation to the implementation of Local Plans of social housing, where they were interviewed 20 people total five (5) cities, with the following breakdown: a) interviews with 02 public officials; and, b) interviews with 02 social workers, and an adviser to the Social Housing Fund and a member of the PMCMV Works Monitoring Committee in each municipality. For the analysis of the collected data set 4 variables: a) Characterization of PLHIS; b) characterization of PMCMV; c) relationship between PLHIS and PMCMV; and, d) participation and social control. In particular, on field research conducted in five (5) small towns, it can be said that: 1) the PLHIS constituted as an important housing policy instrument, but the instrument was little used in housing production in small towns studied ; 2) PMCMV in five (5) small paraenses cities, has delayed works, lack of municipal dialogue with financial institutions and use of materials with poor quality in the production of housing, and does not consider the riverside particularity of small towns and; 3) to act outside the framework of SNHIS, the PMCMV failed to incorporate important instruments of decision and social control. Keywords: Housing Question; Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida; Local Plans of Social Housing; Small towns Paraense.

Este trabalho trata das condições de trabalho profissional do assistente social enquanto trabalhador assalariado dependente de seus empregadores, visto que estes lhes garantem meios materiais para a realização do trabalho e também o seu sustento por meio do salário, condição esta que limita sua autonomia profissional. Assim, discutem-se essas condições de assalariamento que tem se mostrado precárias na contemporaneidade para os diversos trabalhadores, igualmente para esses profissionais, pelos baixos salários, polivalência de funções, fragilidade das relações de trabalho, em fim, pela superexploração do seu trabalho. Essas condições de trabalho comum aos trabalhadores foram investigadas e constatadas em pesquisa de campo realizada nos Centros de Referência em Assistência Social dos municípios de Castanhal e Vigia. É com base nas regulamentações do Ministério de Desenvolvimento Social, como, por exemplo, NOB/RH/SUAS, LOAS, Tipificação Nacional dos Serviços Socioassistenciais, dentre outras que estabelecem parâmetros para adequada condição de trabalho desses profissionais, que irá se analisar essas condições ofertadas pelas instituições empregadoras nos municípios citados.

   O presente estudo tem como centralidade a análise do processo de Regularização Fundiária de Interesse Social (REFIS) no município de Belém, mais especificamente a experiência no bairro do Jurunas, cuja característica predominante de seu território sempre foi determinada pela ocupação desordenada do uso do solo urbano, constituindo, assim, um fenômeno social que merece análise acadêmica e atenção do poder público enquanto agente da política urbana em Belém. Em decorrência desse fenômeno, a Superintendência do Patrimônio da União do Estado do Pará (SPU/PA) desenvolveu ações de cadastro e entregas de Concessões de Uso Especial para fins de Moradia (CUEM) no bairro do Jurunas, no período de 2008 a 2014. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa focará sua análise sobre a referida experiência, cujo objetivo foi identificar a Regularização Fundiária de Interesse Social através da CUEM no bairro do Jurunas, e teve como referencial teórico-metodológico os clássicos e contemporâneos do pensamento sociológico urbano. Cita-se Lojkine (1997), Engels (1945), Lefebvre (1999), Harvey (2005), Maricato (2010), Abelém (1989), Cruz (1973), dentre outros. Do ponto de vista técnico-operacional, a pesquisa adotou como principal procedimento a análise documental, tendo em vista a dificuldade em desenvolver uma pesquisa empírica com os sujeitos da REFIS em Belém. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa debruçou-se sobre dados da SPU, audiências publicas, Dissertações, Teses, revistas cientificas, livros e artigos. O arcabouço teórico-metodológico adotado possibilitou como principais resultados que: a) Historicamente, o uso do solo em Belém foi determinado pelas dinâmicas econômicas e sociais que alteraram o modo de vida da população demandante de terra para morar, gerando novas disputas, como o direito de morar; b) O fato de que o processo atual de REFIS no bairro do jurunas possui enfretamentos jurídicos graves, devido à inabilidade e divergências políticas da Prefeitura Municipal de Belém (PMB) e da SPU em realizarem ações conjuntas para regularização fundiária, em virtude da disputa pelo direito de tutela das áreas de terrenos de marinha, tendo como resultante a incerteza e a insegurança social dos moradores do bairro do Jurunas.

    Esta dissertação é resultado da reflexão crítica e análise sobre a intervenção profissional do Assistente Social na saúde mental dos servidores públicos, no âmbito de sua atuação específica junto aos Tribunais Eleitorais brasileiros, dado que as situações de adoecimento mental e o risco à saúde/adoecimento mental dos mencionados servidores, nos referidos órgãos, foram evidenciados por sua frequência e pelos graves prejuízos causados nas condições de vida e de trabalho dos mesmos, com repercussões importantes também para a missão institucional. Nesse sentido, este estudo pretendeu analisar o processo de intervenção profissional do assistente social nestas situações, provocadas ou não pelo trabalho, tendo em vista as suas contribuições para a saúde mental dos referidos servidores. Adotou-se como referência metodológica da pesquisa a teoria marxista e seu método dialético, por considerar o sentido de completude perseguido pela teoria social crítica na busca da apropriação do movimento do real. Utilizou-se da pesquisa qualitativa, cujo instrumento de coleta de dados foram as entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas com 21 (vinte e um) sujeitos de três Tribunais Eleitorais, envolvendo: profissionais pertencentes à equipe de saúde (assistentes sociais, médicos e psicólogos); servidores e gestores de pessoal. Conclui-se com este estudo que a saúde mental do servidor público federal é uma área prenhe de tensionalidades que exige, além de uma abordagem clínica, uma intervenção política e social capaz de responder às inúmeras contradições que lhes são inerentes e que lhe atribuem um grau de complexidade elevado, o qual não pode ser compreendido sem uma reflexão substantiva sobre a relação objetividade-subjetividade, notadamente sobre as determinações sociais, políticas e econômicas presentes neste momento histórico marcado pela sociabilidade capitalista profundamente destrutiva da vida social que, mediatizada pelo trabalho alienado, atinge as pessoas, bloqueia o desenvolvimento humano com todo seu potencial de coisificação (desumanização). Dessa forma, constatou-se, neste estudo, que a intervenção profissional do assistente social, ainda que limitada por condicionantes estruturais, conjunturais e institucionais e por sua autonomia relativa, tem afirmado seu potencial de contribuir com a saúde mental dos servidores públicos dos Tribunais Eleitorais, notadamente no que se refere à leitura crítica da dinâmica institucional e implementação de estratégias criativas para o encaminhamento das demandas e necessidades de saúde identificadas, consubstanciadas no “olhar para o social”, no “acompanhamento social”, no apoio junto às famílias, na mediação realizada entre os sujeitos presentes neste espaço (servidor, administração, gestor e equipe de trabalho), na mobilização e articulação com as redes de proteção e de convivência dos sujeitos em sofrimento psíquico, o que proporciona a ampliação dos recursos de reabilitação, na perspectiva do acesso dos servidores aos seus direitos sociais. Em síntese, as respostas profissionais tem favorecido a melhoria das condições de saúde dos servidores e de suas famílias, contribuindo, igualmente, para o desenvolvimento da missão institucional dos Tribunais Eleitorais.

   Este estudo teve como objeto a gestão do trabalho e o afastamento por adoecimento dos servidores da JUCEPA. Nesse sentido, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo que subsidiou possibilitou a obtenção de dados para analisar a forma de gestão do trabalho adotada por esta instituição e os seus impactos no adoecimento que causam afastamento dos servidores ao trabalho, tendo em vista contribuir para a saúde dos seus respectivos servidores. A realização deste estudo teve como base teórica - metodológica a teoria marxista e o método materialismo histórico e dialético, considerando que estes instrumentos propiciam desvendar as múltiplas determinações do objeto estudo. Para tanto, optou-se pelo tipo de pesquisa qualitativa, a partir de um estudo de caso, objetivando compreender a realidade social dos sujeitos da pesquisa, na tentativa de analisar as múltiplas determinações: políticas, econômicas e sociais. A mencionada pesquisa contou com uma amostra de 10 servidores do universo de 83 servidores que foram afastados do trabalho por adoecimento, cujo critério utilizado para a definição desta amostra foi: ter sido afastado do trabalho por motivo de doença no período de 2009 a 2013. Assim, foram entrevistados 17 sujeitos, sendo 15 servidores que ocupam os diversos cargos das diretorias que compõem a instituição, a saber: os cargos de nível médio, de nível superior e de gestores. Dos 15 servidores entrevistados 10 se afastaram do trabalho por motivo de doença no período referido, os demais compõem o grupo de gestores (sendo 04 gestores) e 01 profissional de saúde (psicologia); além de 01 representante da DSO/SEAD e 01 representante do Sindicato. As conclusões deste estudo permitem afirmar que existe uma relação entre a forma de gestão instituída na JUCEPA e o adoecimento que conduz aos afastamentos dos servidores dessa instituição, o que repercutiu gravemente nos diversos aspectos da vida dos pesquisados, provocando processos traumáticos que se estendem desde o agravo de doenças, tais como: doenças psíquicas, depressão, doenças como hipertensão arterial; aos conflitos familiares e sociais oriundos da insegurança financeira que assola o cotidiano desses servidores no momento do adoecimento.

A presente dissertação trata da análise do trabalho profissional do assistente social nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial- CAPS’s do município de Belém/PA e a contribuição desse profissional para o tratamento da saúde mental dos usuários. O problema de pesquisa sintetiza-se da seguinte interrogação: Quais são as contribuições do trabalho profissional do assistente social desenvolvido nos referidos CAPS’s para o tratamento da saúde mental dos usuários? As respostas ao problema foram buscadas por meio de uma pesquisa de campo realizada em 03 (três) CAPS’s, sendo 02 (dois) vinculados a Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Belém/PA e 01 (um) a Secretaria de Estado de Saúde Pública, os sujeitos da pesquisa foram: 03 (três) profissionais do Serviço Social, 02 (dois) usuários dos serviços e 03 (três) profissionais integrantes da equipe de saúde da qual participam os assistentes sociais. Como procedimento metodológico foi efetuado uma abordagem qualitativa à luz da teoria social marxista. Teve como instrumento de coleta de dados a entrevista do tipo semiestruturada que constou de um roteiro pré-elaborado direcionado para os diferentes sujeitos da pesquisa. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo, com foco nos núcleos de sentido e frequência dos temas presente nas comunicações dos sujeitos, sintetizadas nas categorias temáticas explicativas da realidade. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam o avanço na saúde brasileira, pois o Brasil é um dos poucos países que possui um sistema de saúde de caráter universal, ou seja, estendido a toda população de forma gratuita e financiado pelo fundo público. A política de saúde brasileira segue resistindo as manobras idealizadas pelo grande capital e operadas pelo Estado de cunho neoliberal. Mesmo com a ofensiva neoliberal ao trabalho, houve a consolidação do mercado de trabalho do assistente social, na área da saúde mental decorrente da necessidade desse profissional nos serviços substitutivos. Quanto ao trabalho do assistente social especificamente, os resultados da pesquisa revelam o compromisso do referido profissional com os usuários dos serviços garantindo respostas as demandas trazidas pelos usuários e identificadas pelo profissional. Conclui-se também que a articulação com a rede de serviços é pontual no cotidiano profissional dos assistentes sociais, pois esta ação é responsável pela resolutividade de diversas demandas, para além do tratamento em saúde mental, influenciando diretamente na melhora da qualidade de vida dos usuários. Entende-se que o trabalho do assistente social no campo da saúde mental é uma prática que envolve diversas atividades e saberes com outros profissionais. Ainda assim, os outros profissionais da equipe de saúde dos CAPS’s reconhecem as particularidades do trabalho do assistente social e as ações que contribuem para o tratamento em saúde mental dos usuários realizadas especificamente por esse profissional. Na concepção dos usuários dos CAPS’s o tratamento em saúde mental tem sido garantido, mas denunciam as dificuldades vivenciadas na Política de Saúde Mental e demais políticas públicas envolvidas neste processo.

Este estudo visa buscar os determinantes do surgimento e do lugar da Vigilância Socioassistencial no plano da Política Nacional de Assistência Social e nos municípios de Belém e Ananindeua. O trabalho utiliza-se do método crítico-dialético, buscando na história e na conjuntura os determinantes do movimento do objeto, realizando um resgate bibliográfico breve sobre a Política Social e a Assistência Social, para, em seguida, tratar da Vigilância Socioassistencial e suas inspirações, interpretações e função na Assistência Social. Na sequência, analisam-se aspectos documentais da Política Nacional de Assistência Social, para, depois, no lócus da pesquisa analisar a dimensão documental e a fala dos atores. Nos resultados sobre a gênese, traçamos uma linha do tempo, com determinações do movimento social, da área da saúde, assistência social e do Banco Mundial. No tocante ao lugar, percebe-se que, a Vigilância Socioassistencial afirma-se na condição de função de gestão e não como função da Assistência Social, ocupando o lugar de área-meio, e não de área-fim, assim como não se dispõe de normatização de composição das equipes de acordo com porte de município, tendendo a ser operacionalizada por equipes não muito amplas ou por duplas e/ou apenas um técnico, na maioria dos municípios. Neste trabalho também se concluiu que a Vigilância Socioassistencial estrutura-se com parca compreensão dos gestores e do controle social municipal, representando um limite para uma concepção de Função da Assistência Social e do seu potencial como lócus de organização de informações sobre a realidade territorial e das cidades.

O presente estudo corresponde à revisão sistemática da literatura (RSL) sobre Avaliação Pós-Ocupação (APO) da Habitação de Interesse Social (HIS) no Brasil, produzida no período de 2003 a 2014. As bases de dados utilizadas para a pesquisa foram CAPES, Scielo, Coletânea Habitare, Repositório das Universidades e o Google acadêmico. Trinta e oito estudos foram criteriosamente selecionados para análise, com base nos critérios de exclusão e inclusão. Realizamos uma análise dos estudos a partir da classificação da natureza da avaliação de impactos e de resultados em busca de evidências. Os estudos foram realizados principalmente na região Sul e Sudeste, não tendo sido localizado nenhum estudo na Região Norte, e as avaliações são mais recorrentes nos últimos anos (2011-2014). As evidências foram analisadas conforme a natureza da avaliação (resultado ou impactos) e as principais evidências apontadas nos estudos de avaliação de resultados foram a insatisfação com a tipologia habitacional, inexistência de flexibilidade construtiva, recorrentes modificações construtivas (reformas/alterações) de caráter funcional, simbólico ou econômico, dimensões insuficientes da unidade habitacional, excessiva padronização das unidades habitacionais, localização (solo barato, extensas áreas desprovidas de infraestrutura), material de baixo custo e qualidade, forma-condomínio predominante, aumento de despesas, descumprimento/insuficiência das normativas dos programas habitacionais. E nas avaliações de impactos constatamos a exclusão do direito a cidade, a uniformidade, massificação dos conjuntos, a padronização de soluções habitacionais, conjuntos monofuncionais, a ausência de segurança, a inexistência de inserção urbana pela ausência de infraestrutura e péssima localização, a (In) permanência das famílias nas unidades habitacionais, a não adaptação (física e orçamentária), que os moradores não participam do planejamento do projeto, a retroalimentação dos dados das avaliações não ocorre e o repasse irregular das unidades habitacionais. Concluímos que a APO é uma ferramenta adequada para a avaliação da política habitacional.

Este trabalho apresenta a discussão teórica e os resultados da pesquisa de campo que subsidiou a elaboração desta dissertação e objetivou analisar as concepções da categoria trabalho na realidade dos usuários do PBF, com o intuito de revelar de que forma esta categoria se apresenta na reprodução social dos beneficiários, dando destaque para as definições de renda do trabalho e renda do PBF para responder cientificamente às críticas que os usuários do PBF vêm recebendo como a ociosidade. O método utilizado se baseou na perspectiva histórico-dialética por ter como direcionamento o aprofundamento histórico e material das categorias que embasam a pesquisa e compreender que todo fenômeno a ser estudado faz parte de um movimento, essencial no processo de análise. A metodologia tem como alicerce a técnica de análise de conteúdo para sistematizar, organizar e analisar os dados coletados através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com trabalhadores da Política de Assistência Social e usuários do PBF de Belém. Os principais resultados que esta pesquisa apresenta são: os usuários do PBF têm o trabalho manifestado em suas histórias de vida desde a infância, como todo e qualquer ser social; vislumbram o emprego (trabalho remunerado) como uma necessidade, diante das garantias e segurança que este proporciona, como o poder de consumo e o salário fixo, por exemplo; consideram que o PBF é uma complementação da renda por não ser suficiente para as demandas materiais próprias e de sua família; contam com outros tipos de renda e “ajudas” para sobreviver e almejam um emprego remunerado com acesso aos direitos sociais, porém, reconhecem que, fazem parte de uma parcela excluída desta forma de trabalho. Diante disso, esta pesquisa aponta que o trabalho é constante na vida dos usuários do PBF e que, por isso, não são acomodados, ocorre que, em sua maioria, eles fazem parte da parcela excluída das condições formais de trabalho e isso dificulta o acesso às atividades laborais e aos seus direitos sociais.

O presente trabalho se propõe a analisar a atuação do Conselho Estadual de Recursos Hídricos do Pará (CERH/PA), no âmbito da gestão democrática, a partir da forma de participação exercida pelos conselheiros. Nesse estudo, far-se-á, um breve apanhado histórico sobre o debate de várias temáticas como democracia, controle social, participação, conselhos gestores de políticas públicas, gestão ambiental e hídrica necessárias à compreensão do processo de criação e funcionamento dos conselhos gestores de políticas públicas e, especificamente, o CERH. Nesse sentido, esse estudo, dedicar-se-á, a analisar a forma de participação exercida pelos conselheiros de modo a atender seu objetivo básico, a saber, assegurar à atual e às futuras gerações a disponibilidade dos recursos hídricos, na medida de suas necessidades e em padrões qualitativos e quantitativos adequados aos respectivos usos. Para o estudo deste conselho, que se constitui como colegiado de discussão e decisão sobre a gestão hídrica adotou-se o método dialético, para a compreensão desse espaço contraditório que pode se posicionar como arena de disputa de projetos hegemônicos ou como mero espaço de colaboração da gestão governamental. Para sua efetivação, foram adotadas as pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais, além da aplicação de questionários e realização de entrevistas para coleta de dados e posterior análise. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram uma atuação do conselho que oscila entre a tentativa de efetivação da gestão participativa, e uma passividade que mantem a ordem vigente, num cenário de fraca participação.

A dissertação analisa as identidades das assistentes sociais da Vale, como manifestações ideológicas do contexto de reestruturação produtiva capitalista. As categorias centrais de análise foram o trabalho, na concepção de Marx e a ideologia, na concepção de Gramsci. A lógica capitalista, que conduz à alienação e à manipulação da subjetividade do trabalhador, influencia os profissionais a absorverem acriticamente do senso-comum as representações da hegemonia dominante, que se manifestam implicitamente nos comportamentos e na linguagem dos profissionais. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram as assistentes sociais da Vale, que atuam nas unidades localizadas na região de Carajás, sudeste paraense, visto que a empresa é uma transnacional com forte influência na região amazônica. Nos dias atuais, os municípios da região de Carajás têm sua dinâmica de desenvolvimento social, econômico e cultural, associada às atividades da empresa. A hipótese da pesquisa foi que as identidades dos assistentes sociais da Vale, no contexto de reestruturação produtiva do capital, são identidades às avessas, que contribuem para a reprodução de práticas mistificadas e reducionistas, que reproduzem os interesses capitalistas. A partir da pesquisa empírica, que teve como recorte temporal o ano de 2007 até os dias atuais, constatou-se que no exercício profissional, as assistentes sociais da empresa vivenciam as contradições inerentes tanto à implantação da Vale na região quanto as relacionadas ao desenvolvimento do Serviço Social, o que contribui mais para o fortalecimento da hegemonia capitalista do que para a efetivação do projeto ético-político-profissional do Serviço Social. A análise das correlações de forças presentes nesse espaço de atuação se constituem em objeto de debate e reflexão em torno dos desafios mas também das possibilidades objetivas identificadas na particularidade pesquisada e que foram capturadas nas entrelinhas do discurso das próprias profissionais entrevistadas.
PALAVRAS CHAVE:

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo refletir sobre o crescimento
da Violência Homicida em Marabá e a Política de Segurança Pública, a partir
de sujeitos que atuam em instituições de segurança pública, assim como,
representantes da sociedade civil que atuam na defesa de direitos em
Marabá, sudeste do Estado do Pará. Utilizando-se do método da teoria
crítica realizou-se um panorama geral do quadro de violência homicida
partindo do geral (Brasil) para o particular (Marabá), assim como, um
panorama histórico da política de segurança implantada no Brasil do período
ditatorial (violência e barbárie) até a pós- democracia, enfatizando os planos,
projetos e ações que se efetivaram a partir da década de 90. Além disso, a
pesquisa de campo, que enfatiza a fala de sujeitos que atuam na área de
segurança pública e/ou em instituições de defesa de direitos no município,
possibilitou compreensões acerca da violência homicida e da política de
segurança em Marabá. O percurso metodológico utilizado realizou-se por
pesquisa qualitativa, norteada por pesquisas bibliográficas, documentais e
pesquisa de campo. Para apreender a realidade vivenciada por Marabá
realizou-se sete (7) entrevistas, com os sujeitos que atuam na área de
segurança e com os sujeitos representantes da sociedade civil que atuam
direta ou indiretamente na defesa de direitos da pessoa humana no
município. A partir desse estudo infere-se que o processo democrático
rompeu com práticas utilizadas no regime ditatorial pelos agentes do Estado,
porém até hoje existem práticas cristalizadas de cunho coercitivo, repressivo
e punitivo herdados da ditadura.

Os objetivos da pesquisa foram: analisar a prática profissional do/da assistente social, da área da educação, do Distrito Administrativo do Guamá (DAGUA), em Belém-Pará; o grau de influência dos modos de vida que conformam experiências vividas presentes no processo de desenvolvimento social do indivíduo e, particularmente no processo de trabalho desses assistentes sociais. Partiu das premissas de que: o modo de vida influencia a prática profissional do/da assistente social; a prática do Serviço Social está sendo repensada na cotidianidade; o assistente social possui uma compreensão definida da teoria que utiliza na prática cotidiana; as obras publicadas atualmente no Brasil não atendem as dimensões teórico-metodológica e técnico operativa do Serviço Social. Emprega técnicas variadas para a execução da pesquisa e, o diálogo com correntes de pensamento que influenciam o Serviço Social desde os seus primórdios. Apropria-se da fenomenologia para a interpretação dialética dos resultados e, também, da teoria marxista como suporte à leitura da realidade vivida. O método fenomenológico-existencial possibilitou apreender o concreto/real presente nos relatos das entrevistas, nos quais se evidenciou problemáticas do dia a dia do Serviço Social Escolar, como a escassez de profissionais, péssimas condições estruturais para a realização da intervenção profissional, a questão das várias formas de violência, a precariedade da formação profissional, a necessidade de maior abertura para a pluralidade de ideias na condução teórico-metodológica da prática profissional

A compreensão de Seguridade Social, apresentada na Constituição brasileira de 1988 , assegura direitos que envolvem as Políticas de Saúde, Previdência e Assistência Social, o que permite observar a elaboração de um tripé que engloba ações de necessidades fundamentais para a população. Neste sentido, entende-se que estas políticas compartilham do que prevê os direitos e garantias fundamentais , o qual institui a igualdade de todos independente de sua natureza, e assim, homens e mulheres tornam-se iguais no que concerne aos direitos e obrigações. Políticas de Saúde, Previdência e Assistência Social, trazem com a Constituição brasileira de 1988, a perspectiva universalizada na cobertura e atendimento. No entanto, com a possibilidade de observar, em particular, as Políticas que envolvem Previdência e Assistência Social são notórias as controvérsias, na medida em que é possível visualizar o não alcance do universal, o qual dispõe as políticas publicas, em especial no Brasil. Conforme o Ministério da Previdência e Assistência Social (MPAS) , a Previdência é uma instituição pública que tem como objetivo reconhecer e conceder direitos aos seus segurados, correspondendo a um seguro que proporciona a garantia de renda do contribuinte e de sua família em situações relacionadas a doenças, acidentes, gravidez, prisão, morte e velhice, o que permite, segundo estas informações, a tranqüilidade no presente e no futuro. Nas disposições da Lei Orgânica da Seguridade Social , a Previdência Social tem por finalidade assegurar aos seus beneficiários, os meios indispensáveis de manutenção, todavia, nota-se em sua organização a obediência quanto aos princípios garantidores da universalidade de participação seguindo critérios contributivos , o que ratifica as reflexões acerca de sua abrangência, uma vez que a permanência das desigualdades sociais geradoras da pobreza da maioria da população brasileira, não permite a todos os trabalhadores e trabalhadoras condições dignas de trabalho que os levem a compor os critérios necessários para a participação na Previdência Social. A Política de Assistência Social •, também, integrando a Seguridade, apresenta-se constitucionalmente como direito prestado a quem dela necessitar, não dependendo de contribuições e com objetivos relacionados com a proteção à família, à maternidade, à infância, à adolescência e à velhice, além da promoção da integração ao mercado de trabalho e a garantia de um salário mínimo de benefício mensal à pessoa portadora de deficiência e ao idoso que comprovem não possuir meios de prover à própria manutenção . Na Política Nacional de Assistência Social (PNAS/2004) a centralidade na Família é assegurada, assim como a inclusão e a equidade dos usuários desta Política, que se constituem nos cidadãos e grupos que se encontram em situações de vulnerabilidade e riscos , apresentando dentre seu conjunto, serviços, benefícios, programas e projetos, além de ações governamentais realizadas com recursos que provem, em parte, do orçamento da seguridade social . Regulamentada pela Lei Orgânica da Assistência Social (LOAS) enquanto Política Social Pública, a Assistência se constitui como um direito universal mediante responsabilidade do Estado . Esta compreensão é permeada de reflexões, pois historicamente caminhou acompanhada de práticas que faziam referências a caridade e a filantropia. Ademais, muitas das ações integrantes da Política de Assistência Social tendem a ser compreendidas, por uma parcela significativa de seus usuários, como favorecimento e benemerência. O Relatório do Desenvolvimento Humano (RDH) 2013, intitulado: “A Ascensão do Sul: Progresso Humano num Mundo Diversificado” apontou avanços na superação da extrema pobreza no Brasil nesta ultima década, apresentando um Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) de 0.730, colocando o País na 85º posição, entre os considerados com alto desenvolvimento humano, contudo ainda permanece distante de se assemelhar com países como a Noruega que apresenta IDH de 0.943, ocupando a primeira posição entre os classificados como muito elevado. Ressalta-se que os resultados brasileiros na redução da pobreza devem-se as ações como transferência de renda e acesso ao mercado de trabalho. Além disso, o RDH evidencia que: “Esses programas revolucionaram a esfera administrativa e o empoderamento feminino, desenvolvendo canais de distribuição inovadores, como a bancarização com cartões magnéticos. O resultado tem sido a queda substancial da pobreza e extrema pobreza e a redução da desigualdade”, diz o estudo” (RDH, 2013). Um dos destaques apontado pelo RDH como fator que teria contribuído para esta realidade apresentada, foi o Programa Bolsa família no Brasil , pois, conforme as informações oficiais houve a diminuição da pobreza e da desigualdade no País, todavia, permanece com posição inalterada no Ranking do IDH mundial e coeficiente de Gini em 0.54, demonstrando que o País ainda se encontra com nível de desigualdade elevado, sem contar que o constante aumento de famílias atendidas pelo Programa pode indicar, além dos avanços citados, a expressiva pobreza presente na realidade brasileira. O RDH 2013 também se refere ao “empoderamento feminino” como algo revolucionário possibilitado pelo programa Bolsa Família ao permitir o fortalecimento da autonomia das mulheres na sociedade brasileira, principalmente no acesso ao trabalho digno que proporciona o progresso duradouro em prol dos “mais desfavorecidos” . Já a revista Brasil sem Miséria, que apresenta os resultados de um ano do Plano Brasil Sem Miséria , afirma que das 13,5 milhões de famílias atendidas pelo Programa Bolsa Família, 93% tem as mulheres como titulares do cartão, realidade, apontada por representantes da Secretaria de Políticas para mulheres do Governo Federal, como uma mudança, considerando fatores históricos e culturais de rotinas domésticas que levam as mulheres a sacrificar a escolaridade e a autonomia em favor dos maridos e filhos. Vale ressaltar que no cumprimento das condicionalidades para a permanência no Programa, há uma série de obrigações que indicam responsabilidades voltadas para o cuidado com a família, particularmente com os filhos. Ademais, alguns representantes da Secretaria de Políticas Para Mulheres ratificam que quando uma Política Pública alcança a mulher vulnerável, o beneficio se reflete em todo o núcleo familiar, em especial nos filhos, o que permite pensar sobre a titularidade do cartão ter alterado significativamente o papel da mulher na sociedade, em particular na realização destas atividades geralmente colocadas como responsabilidade exclusiva. Dentre as ações de inclusão produtiva do Plano Brasil Sem Miséria, está o Programa Mulheres Mil , que tem como meta capacitar 100.000 (cem mil) mulheres até 2014, apresentando como uma de suas principais diretrizes a defesa da igualdade de gênero e a redução de desigualdades sociais e econômicas de mulheres, uma vez que conforme as informações do Ministério de Desenvolvimento Social e combate à Fome (MDS), elas correspondem a mais da metade dos brasileiros em situação de extrema pobreza. É notório destacar que a população total brasileira, de acordo com as informações do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) 2010 , é de 190.732.694 (cento e noventa milhões, setecentos e trinta e dois mil e seiscentos e noventa e quatro) pessoas. Dados do Censo 2010 revelam ainda que há maior predominância feminina na seção de atividades relacionadas aos Serviços domésticos, onde as mulheres constituem 92,7%. Entre os empregados com carteira de trabalho assinada elas representam 59,3%, já os homens 67,7%, apesar das publicações oficiais indicarem a ampliação do nível de ocupação e maior instrução das mulheres em relação aos homens. É importante salientar que ao se tratar do subgrupo dos trabalhadores domésticos, o censo 2010 demonstra uma parcela considerável das mulheres empregadas. Mesmo as demonstrações censitárias não indicarem diferenças relevantes para homens e mulheres sobre o percentual de contribuintes de Instituto de Previdência, os resultados ficaram em torno de 60,6% e 60,4% respectivamente, situações que podem indicar a permanência das desigualdades de gênero na sociedade brasileira. O Anuário estatístico da Previdência Social 2011 revela que no Brasil, o numero total de pessoas com 16 a 59 anos de idade, protegidas pela previdência é de 56.231.461(cinqüenta e seis milhões, duzentos e trinta e um mil e quatrocentos e sessenta e um) pessoas, das quais 32.575.992 (Trinta e dois milhões, quinhentos e setenta e cinco mil e novecentos e noventa e dois) eram homens e 23.655.469 (Vinte e três milhões, seiscentos e cinqüenta e cinco mil e quatrocentos e sessenta e nove) mulheres. A realidade demonstrada com os dados oficiais possibilita observar a presença em menor escala de mulheres nesta Política componente da Seguridade Social, podendo está relacionado com os indicativos do MDS de que elas correspondem majoritariamente a população em extrema pobreza, com predominância na seção de atividades em torno de serviços domésticos e ainda permanecer com participação minoritária entre os empregados com carteira de trabalho assinada, como formaliza as informações censitárias do País, condições que possivelmente dificulta a vinculação com a Previdência Social em decorrência de seus critérios contributivos. Na região norte, das 7.859.539 (Sete milhões, quinhentos e oitenta e nove mil e quinhentos e trinta e nove) mulheres que compõe a totalidade regional, 3.759.214 (Três milhões, setecentos e cinqüenta e nove mil e duzentos e quatorze) encontram-se no Estado do Pará, destas, 1.264.805 (Um milhão e duzentos e sessenta e quatro mil e oitocentos e cinco) estão em condição de atividade economicamente ativa, correspondendo as maiores proporções numéricas de mulheres entre os Estados localizados ao norte do País. Em relação a Proteção Previdenciária , os dados oficiais revelam que há um total de 3.472.908 (Três milhões quatrocentos e setenta e dois mil e novecentos e oito) pessoas protegidas na região, destas, 2.139.553 (Dois milhões, cento e trinta e nove mil e quinhentos e cinqüenta e três) são homens e 1.333.354 (Um milhão, trezentos e trinta e três mil e trezentos e cinqüenta e quatro) correspondem as mulheres. No Estado do Pará as informações mostram que homens e mulheres somam 525.138 (Quinhentos e vinte cinco mil e cento e trinta e oito) protegidos e representam 972.105 (Novecentos e setenta e dois mil e cento e cinco) e 553.033 (Quinhentos e cinqüenta e três mil e trinta e três) de protegidos respectivamente, permanecendo as mulheres com participação em menor proporção entre os considerados “protegidos” pela Previdência Social. Nas informações oficiais da Previdência Social, não há referencia acerca das realidades municipais, dado que dificulta a compreensão das particularidades dos municípios no que se refere aos elementos em torno desta política, no entanto, não impossibilita a busca de outras fontes para o entendimento do contexto local. Assim, o Mapa da Exclusão Social do Estado do Pará 2011 se constitui em ferramenta fundamental para a apreensão de alguns aspectos, em particular da região metropolitana de Belém. O Mapa da Exclusão revela que a região metropolitana, onde esta inserida a capital paraense, se encontra entre as que apresentam os mais elevados níveis de desigualdade, com índice de Gini de 0.68, apesar das informações demonstrarem o alcance das menores taxas de pobreza e extrema pobreza com 19,26% e 7,19% respectivamente no período de 2010. As informações populacionais referente a capital paraense, totalizam em 2010, 1.393.399 (Um milhão, trezentos e noventa e três mil e trezentos e noventa e nove) pessoas, correspondendo as mulheres o percentual de 52,7% da população, o que representa 734.391 (Setecentos e trinta e quatro mil e trezentos e noventa e nove ) mulheres. O censo 2010 indica que em Belém as mulheres representam 48,9% das pessoas de 10 anos ou mais de idade com rendimento, já os homens aparecem com 51,1% no percentual. As informações apresentadas em torno das Políticas que compõem a Seguridade Social, em particular a Previdência e a Assistência Social demonstram a tendência na participação desproporcional de homens e mulheres nos campos mencionados, observando-se entre elas a maior vinculação com a Assistência, principalmente nos Programas sociais do governo, e entre eles com a Previdência, sobretudo no âmbito do Trabalho. O lugar diferencial ocupado por homens e mulheres na Seguridade brasileira, particularmente nas políticas de Assistência e Previdência Social apresentadas com os dados oficiais, pôde ser observado nas experiências obtidas durante o processo de formação, na condição de estagiária e na condição de profissional. No período de 2008 à 2010 a experiência de estágio no Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social (INSS) , particularmente no serviço de Reabilitação Profissional (SRP) , possibilitou, entre outras, a observação de que os maiores demandantes dos serviços são homens trabalhadores que sofrem acidentes no trabalho. Na condição de bolsista de iniciação científica, no período de 2010 a 2011, no projeto de pesquisa intitulado: "Desigualdades Sociais e Programas de Transferência de Renda Mínina: a experiência do Pará e do Amapá” , vinculado a um dos grupos de estudo do mestrado em Serviço Social da UFPA, houve a possibilidade de aproximação com a Política de Assistência Social, principalmente, a temática dos Programas de Transferência de Renda Mínima, em particular, o programa Bolsa Família. As entrevistas realizadas no Projeto e as leituras desenvolvidas sobre resultados de pesquisa referente ao Bolsa Família indicavam a presença majoritária de mulheres. No Centro de Referência de Assistência Social (CRAS) , localizado no bairro da Cremação na cidade de Belém foi realizado o estágio curricular no período de setembro de 2010 a maio de 2011. Este espaço como o próprio nome sugere é responsável pela execução das ações de Assistência Social, onde foi possível observar que, diferente do SRP, as mulheres são as principais demandantes dos serviços. A sistematização desta experiência de estágio curricular resultou no trabalho de conclusão de curso intitulado “O Programa Bolsa Família como manifestação da Política de Assistência Social no Centro de Referência de Assistência Social do bairro da Cremação Belém-PA”. A experiência profissional na Secretaria Municipal de Assistência e Promoção Social do município de Concórdia do Pará, no período de outubro de 2011 à fevereiro de 2012, possibilitou conhecer a operacionalização da Política de Assistência Social numa área rural do Estado onde as demandas não diferem muito da capital Belém. O espaço da Secretaria era freqüentado principalmente por mulheres. Diante da experiência acumulada em espaços que possibilitaram a observação de que homens e mulheres não freqüentam na mesma proporção os serviços ofertados pelas Políticas de Seguridade Social, como a Previdência e a Assistência Social, apresenta-se como preocupação de pesquisa as seguintes perguntas: qual a racionalidade que explica a presença diferenciada de homens e mulheres no usufruto do sistema de Seguridade Social no Brasil, particularmente na Previdência e na Assistência Social? Como mulheres e homens usuários do INSS-SRP e dos CRAS percebem a presença desigual dos sexos nos referidos espaços?

Questionar a entrevista numa perspectiva crítica demanda uma retomada, mesmo que a título de uma contextualização preliminar, à gênese do Serviço Social por ser esta uma possibilidade de compreender as requisições da sua demanda e os meios utilizados pelos profissionais para respondê-las. Concordamos com Netto (2011), no que se refere à gênese do Serviço Social, que a profissão só é compreensível histórica e socialmente no marco da sociedade capitalista monopolista, articulação esta que vincula a emersão do Serviço Social à “questão social” – entendida por Netto como o conflito entre o capital e o trabalho, a contradição entre o proletariado e a burguesia – por ser este um momento em que o Estado burguês busca gerir as expressões da “questão social”. Afirma o autor, que o capitalismo monopolista, ao buscar o acréscimo dos lucros e o controle de mercados, aprofunda as contradições da ordem burguesa, já existentes no capitalismo concorrencial, calcadas na exploração e alienação do trabalhador, instituindo novas contradições e antagonismos que intensificam as incoerências entre a socialização da produção e sua apropriação privada pelos donos dos meios de produção. É somente na ordem societária comandada pelo monopólio que se gestam as condições histórico-sociais para que, na divisão social (e técnica) do trabalho, constitua-se um espaço em que se possam mover práticas profissionais como as do assistente social. A profissionalização do Serviço Social não se relaciona decisivamente à ‘evolução da ajuda’, ‘à racionalização da filantropia’ nem à ‘organização da caridade’; vincula-se à dinâmica da ordem monopólica. (NETTO, 2011, p. 73) Com esta afirmação, infere-se que é a conjuntura do capitalismo monopolista que faz emergir o Serviço Social enquanto profissão, por ser este o momento em que os problemas advindos da relação capital-trabalho se intensificam e fazem com que o Estado burguês se veja compelido a oferecer respostas as demandas emergentes, numa intervenção sob a 2 “questão social” através de políticas sociais fragmentadas que buscam neutralizar as suas expressões, assegurando o seu objetivo central de garantir as condições essenciais à reprodução do capital. Compreende-se que é nesse âmbito que a necessidade de uma mão-de-obra especializada torna-se indispensável – como operacionalizadora das políticas sociais – sendo possível, portanto, se falar no Serviço Social como profissão e não em uma “evolução da ajuda”, pois o termo evolução remete a algo natural, algo que acontece independente da ação humana, enquanto que o surgimento do Serviço Social não foi involuntário, pelo contrário, surgiu devido à requisição de demandas que estavam sendo mais intensamente desfavorecidas pela desigualdade social acirrada pelo capitalismo monopolista. Santos (2006) afirma que uma profissão só existe por ser parte de uma prática social, sendo parte constitutiva e constituinte de determinadas relações sociais, não havendo razão de se falar de uma profissão isolada de um contexto econômico, político e social. Entendendo a profissão como inserida em um contexto que demanda a sua história para compreendê-la, mais uma vez concordamos com Netto (2011) ao afirmar que o que marca a profissionalização do assistente social neste período monopolista é o desempenho de papéis requeridos por organismos e instâncias alheios às originais protoformas do Serviço Social, momento este em que se dá uma relação de assalariamento, inserindo o profissional na divisão social e técnica do trabalho. “[...] na emergência profissional do Serviço Social, não é este que se constitui para criar um dado espaço na rede sócio-ocupacional, mas é a existência deste espaço que leva à constituição profissional” (NETTO, 2011, p. 73, grifo do autor). Gradualmente, se estabelece um amplo campo de atuação profissional que se expande e se complexifica no decorrer da história, campo este que advém das demandas dos trabalhadores, que colocam uma grande variedade de situações como objeto de intervenção profissional. Nesse âmbito, afirma Netto (2011, p.75), são recuperadas formas já cristalizadas de atuação diante dos “vulnerabilizados pelas sequelas da ‘questão social” pautadas no pensamento conservador, que tratava os problemas advindos da relação capital-trabalho como autonomizados no indivíduo, assim como se dinamizam mecanismos da ordem monopólica para preservar e controlar a força de trabalho. Isso fez como que, segundo Netto (2011), todo um caldo cultural se instrumentalizasse para dar alternativas à intervenção social profissionalizada; intervenção esta que entendemos aqui corresponder a um saber útil à reprodução social. 3 É no campo da instrumentalidade, pensada como meio para responder às requisições da demanda do Serviço Social, que faremos, a partir deste momento, referência à trajetória histórica do Serviço Social no Brasil, especificamente aos instrumentos de intervenção profissional, também como forma preliminar de se esboçar uma contextualização do objeto de pesquisa. Situar na história a utilização dos instrumentos que potencializam a ação do assistente social, se faz necessário devido esta ser uma prática resultante de demandas sociais determinadas historicamente e que, portanto, exigem o resgate de sua historicidade para se compreender as distintas concepções atribuídas aos instrumentos no Serviço Social e para ser possível firmar uma crítica à utilização da entrevista na profissão. Neste intuito, esta pesquisa identifica três momentos importantes no que diz respeito ao debate da categoria profissional acerca da dimensão técnico-operativa que compõe o exercício da profissão, especificamente no que se refere aos instrumentos técnicos de intervenção. Pode-se dizer que o primeiro momento de grande importância na compreensão da trajetória histórica em torno dos instrumentos, se situa no início da profissão institucionalizada no Brasil, nas décadas de 1940 e 1950, quando o aspecto tecnicista, com influência norte-americana, predominava sobre a forma como o assistente social deveria agir diante dos problemas sociais. Martinelli (2005, p.135) afirma que no final da década de 1940 e, principalmente das duas décadas seguintes, a prática do assistente social no Brasil começa a se alterar significativamente, deixando a predominância da influência franco-belga e abrindo espaço para aproximações com a experiência norte-americana. Sua análise crítica compreende que: [...] o Serviço Social caminhava em seu processo de institucionalização atravessado continuamente pelo signo da alienação, que, como que encobrindo a consciência social dos agentes profissionais com um véu nebuloso e místico, os levava a se envolver com práticas conservadoras, burguesas, que visavam apenas a reprodução das relações sociais de exploração, fundamentais para a sustentação do processo de acumulação capitalista. Partindo de um conhecimento imediato e sensível da realidade e tomando o imediato por verdadeiro, deixavam de penetrar nas tramas constitutivas do real, de desvendar suas contradições internas, aquelas que efetivamente o explicam e permitem sua compreensão. De acordo com Trindade (2001) a prática profissional neste período era marcada pelo tecnicismo, atravessado pelo caráter conservador majoritariamente influenciado pelo positivismo/funcionalismo; “[...] a técnica passa a ser aplicada para melhorar a engrenagem 4 social, para que nela se produzam homens cada vez mais adaptados a um padrão social que não é considerado fruto da história, mas dado como um dos elementos da natureza”. Esta ação profissional de cunho imediatista e desvinculada de historicidade busca oferecer respostas às situações sociais problema através de instrumentos ligados a tradicionais formas de assistência associados à caridade sem, no entanto, se desenvolver uma consciência crítica desta realidade que lhe era posta. Segundo Netto (2011), a profissionalização do assistente social alterou a sua inserção sócio-ocupacional, porém, quando se traça um comparativo com as práticas filantrópicas, pouco influiu na estrutura da prática profissional interventiva; isto é, a operacionalização do fazer profissional não era substancialmente distinta da anterior a ponto de se contrapor a outras práticas, fossem profissionais ou não. As deficiências da profissionalização apontada por Netto (2011) podem ser identificadas também na realidade brasileira quando observamos o que afirma Trindade (2001, p. 08 apud Campagnoli 1993), ao apresentar algumas formas peculiares de abordagens individuais e grupais, procedimentos típicos da prática de assistentes sociais pioneiros na profissionalização do Serviço Social, afirmando serem propostas individualizadas de relacionamento entre o profissional e o “cliente”: [...] estudo das necessidades individuais, familiares e de localidades carentes; avaliação das solicitações de ajuda; triagem dos problemas constatados; concessão de ajuda material; aconselhamentos; utilização dos recursos institucionais para encaminhamentos e incentivo à inserção no mercado de trabalho. Os agentes também realizam visitas domiciliares, elaboram inquéritos sociais, encaminhamentos e triagem/seleção dos casos. Observa-se a supervalorização da técnica, considerada independente e com um fim em si mesma, como modelo de prática do assistente social decorrente do intercâmbio econômico-político-cultural entre o Brasil e os Estado Unidos a partir do fim dos anos 40. Com a estreita relação entre esses países, o Brasil passa a desenvolver o “Serviço Social de Caso”, “Serviço Social de Grupo” e “Serviço Social de Comunidade” que, ao mesmo tempo em que trouxe um instrumental técnico mais elaborado para a prática profissional brasileira, também instituiu a centralidade formalista do método. Não é de se estranhar, portanto, que este tenha sido um momento em que a utilização adequada de instrumentos possuía maior relevância que a capacidade de teorizar dos profissionais. Mary Richmond e, principalmente, Gordon Hamilton foram autoras norte- 5 americanas que influenciaram o Serviço Social brasileiro nesse período, por darem significativa importância à prática da assistência e seus instrumentos numa perspectiva tecnicista e individualista, dotada de um caráter meramente executivo. O movimento de Reconceituação, década de 1960 a meados da década de 19751, marca o segundo momento por caracterizar este período da história como sendo de contestação a esta sistematização da profissão e de aprofundamento teórico-metodológico, cujo interesse de romper com o caráter meramente executivo do fazer profissional dos assistentes sociais correspondeu a um de seus objetivos principais. Esse processo de renovação é apontado por Netto (2005) como sendo composto por três vertentes de análise. A primeira data a segunda metade dos anos sessenta, chamada de perspectiva modernizadora que, caracterizada pela valorização do instrumental técnico, buscou adequar o Serviço Social como instrumento de intervenção, dinamização e integração no arsenal de técnicas sociais para operacionalizar o desenvolvimento capitalista; momento em que se manteve uma relação de continuidade com o acúmulo profissional dos anos cinquenta, mas que teve avanços influenciados pelo estrutural-funcionalismo norte-americano. Buscavam-se referências e instrumentos capazes de responder às demandas (cariz tecnocrático), porém, reportando-se a valores e concepções “tradicionais” da profissão sem a intenção de superá-los. Em meados dos anos setenta, tem-se a segunda vertente, a reatualização do conservadorismo, influenciada pela fenomenologia, negando a tradição positivista e simultaneamente o pensamento marxista, quando o conservadorismo da profissão ligado ao pensamento católico, caracteriza esta vertente como a mais impermeável a mudanças. A intenção de ruptura, terceira vertente, traz a crítica à tradição positivista encarada como tradicional e conservadora com a intenção de romper essa herança teórico-metodológica ao receber a influência do pensamento latino-americano de reconceituação no final dos anos setenta e início da década seguinte. A reconceptualização é, sem qualquer dúvida, parte integrante do processo internacional de erosão do Serviço Social ‘tradicional’e, portanto, nesta medida, partilha de suas causalidades e características [...] Com efeito, a reconceptualização está intimamente vinculada ao circuito sociopolítico latino-americano da década de sessenta: a questão que originalmente a comanda é a funcionalidade profissional na superação do 1 Periodização marcada em Netto (2005, p.148). 6 subdesenvolvimento. Indagando-se sobre o papel dos profissionais em face de manifestações da ‘questão social’, interrogando-se sobre a adequação dos procedimentos profissionais consagrados às realidades regionais e nacionais, questionando-se sobre a eficácia das ações profissionais e sobre a eficiência e legitimidade das suas representações, inquietando-se com o relacionamento da profissão com os novos atores que emergiam na cena política (fundamentalmente ligados às classes subalternas) – e tudo isso sob o peso do colapso dos pactos políticos que vinham do pós-guerra, do surgimento de novos protagonistas sociopolíticos, da revolução cubana, do incipiente reformismo gênero Aliança para o Progresso –, ao mover-se assim, os assistentes sociais latino-americanos, através de seus segmentos de vanguarda, estavam minando as bases tradicionais da sua profissão. (NETTO, 2005, p.146) Essa gama de inquietações voltadas para o Serviço Social “tradicional” possibilitou que a categoria profissional se aproximasse, então, das Ciências Sociais – principalmente, porém, não unicamente, de teorias críticas advindas da tradição marxista – de modo que a profissão se tornava uma articuladora junto às problemáticas e confrontos inerentes às Ciências Sociais e não mera receptora deste arcabouço teórico, o que contribuiu para contrapor a subalternidade profissional que envolveu a profissão historicamente. (NETTO, 2005). Se pudermos apontar a existência de uma negligência na trajetória histórica do debate em torno da dimensão técnico-operativa e especificamente dos instrumentos em Serviço Social, talvez possamos afirmar que o movimento de reconceituação é um de seus principais expoentes. Não se pode negar as grandes conquistas trazidas para a profissão após a Reconceituação. O Serviço Social passa a incorporar teorias de forte crítica à sociedade capitalista, buscando uma ação transformadora dos profissionais. Foi quando os questionamentos aos chamados Serviço Social de Caso, Serviço Social de Grupo e Serviço Social de Comunidade passaram a ganhar força e, pelo menos como proposta, se buscava alterar a antiga visão sobre a relação entre a teoria e a prática. Todavia, afirma Sarmento (1994) que estas mudanças significativas na vida social da profissão, transformadoras da postura profissional, do seu enfoque e critério metodológico, ocorreram primordialmente no nível da formação em detrimento do exercício profissional e muito mais no plano teórico que de aplicação concreta. O terceiro momento de relevância para a análise do debate em torno dos instrumentos é o posterior ao movimento de reconceituação, a partir de meados da década de 19802 quando, 2 Yasbek (2009, p.12) se refere à década de 1980 como sendo de uma conjuntura econômica dramática pela distância entre as minorias abastadas e as massas miseráveis, afirmando: “[...] Não devemos esquecer que nos 7 segundo Guerra (2011), retomam-se as discussões acerca do instrumental técnico-operativo do Serviço Social. Neste momento, em que a crítica ao conservadorismo – calcada principalmente no positivismo – torna-se mais substancial, a categoria profissional detém maior consciência de que os problemas sociais advindos do capitalismo não correspondem a disfunções individuais que necessitam de “tratamentos” e, intensificam questionamentos quanto à instrumentalidade da profissão. Neste momento, o trato com os instrumentos do Serviço Social ostenta uma direção oposta que, segundo Trindade (2001), tem o diferencial de se realizar buscando envolver a participação da população. Esse período, no Serviço Social, é marcado por um salto qualitativo na problematização da teoria e do método. Nesse âmbito, nota-se que se inicia um processo de rediscussão acerca da prática no exercício profissional, associando-a as dimensões teórico-metodológicas e ético-políticas. Iamamoto (2007, p. 166), sobre o perfil dos assistentes sociais desde a década de 1980, afirma: Esses profissionais afirmaram o compromisso com os direitos e interesses dos usuários, na defesa da qualidade dos serviços prestados, em contraposição à herança conservadora do passado. Importantes investimentos acadêmico-profissionais foram realizados no sentido de se construir uma nova forma de pensar e fazer o Serviço Social, orientadas por uma perspectiva teórico-metodológica apoiada na teoria social crítica e em princípios éticos de um humanismo radicalmente histórico, norteadores do projeto de profissão no Brasil. Percebe-se, então, que a intervenção profissional é retomada associada a uma perspectiva teórica e política que, todavia, não suprimiu a carência de estudos específicos sobre os instrumentos propriamente ditos, sendo este um desafio substancial para as décadas seguintes3. Ocorre que, majoritariamente, a categoria dos Assistentes Sociais, apesar de estar anos 80 (a “década perdida” do ponto de vista econômico para a CEPAL) a pobreza vai se converter em tema central na agenda social, quer por sua crescente visibilidade, pois a década deixou um aumento considerável do número absoluto de pobres, quer pelas pressões de democratização que caracterizam a transição. A situação de endividamento (que cresce 61% nos anos 80), a presença dos organismos de Washigton (FMI, BANCO MUNDIAL), o consenso de Washington, as reformas neoliberais e a redução da autonomia nacional, a adoção de medidas econômicas e o ajuste fiscal vão se expressar no crescimento dos índices de pobreza e indigência. É sempre oportuno lembrar que, nos anos 80 e 90 a somatória das extorsões que configurou um novo perfil para a questão social brasileira, particularmente pela via da vulnerabilização do trabalho, conviveu com a erosão do sistema público de proteção social, caracterizada por uma perspectiva de retração dos investimentos públicos no campo social às políticas de ajuste da economia, com suas restrições aos gastos públicos e sua perspectiva privatizadora (cf. YASBEK, 2004)”. 3 Desde a década de 1990 podem ser encontradas publicações que retomam a discussão acerca da instrumentalidade do Serviço Social – Yolanda Guerra; Sandra Campagnolli; Rosa Prédes Trindade; Cláudia Mônica Santos – e algumas trazendo a especificidade de problematizar a dimensão operativa da profissão, entre as quais evidencio Sarmento (1994) que se destaca por enfocar/inovar na análise os instrumentos e técnicas legitimados historicamente, compatibilizando-os com uma nova perspectiva profissional. 8 reconhecendo a necessidade de rediscutir os instrumentos e técnicas, tem priorizado discussões numa perspectiva teórico-metodológica em detrimento de análises de instrumentais e técnicas que compõem a dimensão técnico-operativa do profissional, fazendo com que embora se detenha a capacidade de analisar os problemas sociais de forma fundamentada, apresente limitações quanto à capacidade de intervir devido à deficiência de discussões em torno da operacionalização deste arcabouço teórico, discussão esta que gira em torno dos instrumentos técnicos. Dito isto, podemos identificar três principais problemas que irão compor a problemática desta pesquisa como questões a serem debatidas a fim de que possamos rediscutir criticamente a entrevista em Serviço Social nas instituições. O primeiro problema consiste na dificuldade de articulação da teoria com a prática que na trajetória histórica do Serviço Social pode ser percebida quando identificamos que há limitações da categorial profissional na definição de conceitos sobre qual é o campo da teoria e o que é a prática e, quando identificamos que os instrumentos de intervenção – que consideramos aqui enquanto meios através dos quais a capacidade profissional responde às demandas nas instituições que compõem o campo prático do exercício profissional4 – estiveram ora priorizados, ora negligenciados pelo debate da comunidade científica em relação aos debates em torno de concepções teóricas. Afirma Sarmento (1994) que a teoria social crítica é indispensável para a transformação da realidade, pois é por meio dela que podem ser traçadas finalidades que antecipam idealmente a transformação da realidade; porém sua articulação com a prática profissional é imprescindível: [...] a relação teoria e prática onde ambas possuem suas identidades mas não constituem uma identidade. A teoria não se origina da prática, mas a prática fundamenta a teoria que, por sua vez, faz com que a prática seja reelaborada. Assim, na relação da prática com a teoria, a prática se apresenta como fundamento do conhecimento, como critério de verdade e como finalidade do conhecimento e, ao processar-se esta relação a prática sai reorientada. (SARMENTO, 1994, p.233) Nota-se uma dificuldade de se articular, cientificamente, as três dimensões do exercício profissional (dimensão teórico-metodológica, ético-política e técnico-operativa), de modo a superar a dicotomia entre a teoria e a prática. Compreende-se que quando articuladas entre si numa relação de autonomia e interdependência e, quando imbuídas de uma 4 Nas palavras de Samento (2012, p.113), com as quais mantenho concordância: “... os instrumentos e técnicas são mediações através das quais o assistente social objetiva seus projetos, ou seja, ‘lança mão’ destes para efetivação da ação no conjunto das relações sociais”. 9 perspectiva de totalidade, as referidas dimensões possibilitam a materialização do trabalho do assistente social de forma a se compreender o significado da ação profissional e a relação teoria-prática que prescinde uma relação entre teoria e instrumentos de intervenção. (SANTOS; SOUZA; BACKX, 2012). Afirma Guerra (1998, p.6) ao analisar esta relação que: O que chamamos de dicotomia teoria/prática, em muitos casos, tem sido resultado do desprezo pela teoria por parte dos praticistas, e do descaso pela intervenção sobre variáveis empíricas que produz uma alteração no contexto social, por parte dos teoricistas, o que conduz à ruptura da unidade (que não significa identidade) teoria/prática que se materializa na práxis, enquanto ação consciente, transformadora e auto-transformadora. O menosprezo por um dos pólos da relação leva, de um lado, à aceitação, em última instância, do papel determinante da teoria em detrimento das atividades prático-materiais, ou o seu inverso: a prévia determinação de instrumentos e técnicas a serem utilizados na intervenção e, consequentemente, a pauta do “como fazer”. O segundo problema consiste em se considerar a dimensão técnico-operativa como o simples manejo de instrumentos e técnicas de forma adequada, fazendo com que se desenvolva um metodologismo que retome a utilização dos instrumentos de forma pragmática tal qual nos primórdios da profissão. É possível identificar aqui o equívoco de considerá-la como uma prática autônoma e autossuficiente que independe de qualquer projeto profissional. Nesta perspectiva, a inquietação que determina este problema se faz presente quando se compreende que a referida dimensão não se resume ao adequado manuseio de instrumentos e técnicas como vulgarmente soe parecer, mais que isso, ela representa um conjunto de ações e procedimentos dotados de criticidade e consciência que, por isso, a torna capaz de romper com os imperativos da racionalidade instrumental. (SANTOS; SOUZA; BACKX, 2012). Longe de buscar revisitar antigos procedimentos pautados em modelos de intervenção do Serviço Social tradicional – muito embora concordemos que um mesmo instrumento de intervenção pode assumir finalidades distintas de acordo com o contexto histórico em que se apresenta e com a abordagem teórica do profissional que a utiliza – cabe questionar este novo aspecto da trajetória história do Serviço Social que se mostra aquém do debate científico. Surge, portanto, a necessidade de qualificar a ação profissional para além da manipulação de instrumentos e técnicas utilizados na implementação de políticas sociais diversas e compreender o seu lugar na relação da dimensão técnico-operativa com as demais dimensões do exercício profissional. O terceiro problema, muito mais uma consequência dos problemas mencionados anteriormente, recai sobre a atual tendência da prática profissional e, especificamente, da 10 utilização dos instrumentos ocorrer de forma aleatória e espontânea nas instituições, entre os quais destaco o uso da entrevista que, por ser um instrumento empregado por todos os profissionais, faz do assistente social um “entrevistador por excelência” e torna imprescindível sua utilização de forma crítica e consequente. Em sua argumentação, Guerra (2012) apresenta aspectos muito interessantes no que se refere ao cotidiano no qual o assistente social exerce a sua prática profissional, expondo características do meio que podem interferir negativamente na intervenção. Destaco aqui a espontaneidade que, por ser incentivadora de uma atuação profissional voltada ao cumprimento de normas e rotinas de forma mecanizada, interage diretamente com o questionamento que apresento quanto à necessidade de qualificar a ação profissional para além da manipulação de instrumentos e técnicas e, de rompermos com quaisquer possibilidades de retorno às práticas de assistência tradicionais do início da profissão. Ao espontaneísmo alia-se o imediatismo, enquanto forma de intervenção sobre o cotidiano, reforçando um tipo de resposta que tenha em si mesma certa resolutividade e que expresse uma utilidade (bem ao gosto do pragmatismo) no âmbito da reprodução social, ou seja, na reprodução dos sujeitos individuais e coletivos e das formas de sociabilidade hegemônica do mundo burguês. (GUERRA, 2012, p. 45) Garrett (1988) traz importantes considerações sobre a entrevista que ratificam a necessidade de revermos a utilização deste instrumento na contemporaneidade, entre as quais destaco aqui os perigos que a autora já identificava nesse período como passíveis de o entrevistador estar sujeito quando da utilização deste instrumento de forma ocasional ou, nas palavras de Guerra (2012), de forma espontânea: a tendência de generalizar as situações que podem limitar a ação do entrevistador ou impor preconceitos, o perigo de julgar a atitude do entrevistado, o risco de aplicar rígidas classificações diante da situação apresentada, assim como, a possibilidade de que se estabeleça uma exagerada amizade pessoal que implique na dependência entre entrevistador e entrevistado. No cotidiano da prática profissional não é raro ver assistentes sociais desatentos a estes perigos e que, por vezes, reiteram ações fundamentadas apenas na lógica de instituições onde se reproduz a lógica burguesa, ações estas que limitam a crítica às contradições do sistema capitalista e minoram as possibilidades de suscitar práticas questionadoras por parte da demanda da profissão. Embora Garrett tenha sido uma autora de grande influência para o Serviço Social, sua argumentação sobre a entrevista não articula este instrumento com aspectos teórico-metodológicos e ético-políticos que compõem o exercício da profissão e, menos ainda, uma 11 articulação com a Teoria Social Crítica. Isso se dá devido ao contexto histórico de sua publicação, em 1988, período em que o Serviço Social norte-americano é influenciado pelo positivismo/conservadorismo; sendo esta, também, a influência brasileira na década de 1940, quando houve a tradução desta produção para o português, momento em que o Serviço Social brasileiro era de cunho tecnicista e pragmático, fazendo com que a utilização da entrevista nesse momento da história também o fosse. Temos um desafio que exige o esforço de se repensar a sua prática profissional para além da imediaticidade. São desafios referentes à capacidade de teorizar e de instrumentalizar a ação profissional de modo que a atuação contemporânea do assistente social se distancie cada vez mais das práticas mecanizadas e tecnicistas. A atual discussão5 que vemos da prática profissional, embora represente um abrir de olhos para a problemática, ainda não atingiu, na centralidade de seu debate, um questionamento acerca dos instrumentos e técnicas, suscitando ponderarmos que embora cientes da existência de um problema, houvesse um temor de represália da comunidade científica caracterizando-nos como funcionalistas. A entrevista é um instrumento utilizado por todos os profissionais do Serviço Social e repensar seu uso surge como um imperativo para a concretização da ação profissional qualificada e para inviabilizar tarefas pautadas em pragmatismos que constituam modelos estanques de intervenção, pautados em ações mecânicas, tradicionais, com ausência de referenciais teóricos e práticos críticos. E é com este pensar que se pode questionar: Como se dá a discussão em torno dos instrumentos do Serviço Social, especificamente da entrevista, na relação teoria-prática da profissão? Os assistentes sociais tem questionado a utilização da entrevista para além de uma concepção pragmática, associando-a as demais dimensões do exercício profissional? Os profissionais conhecem a utilização deste instrumento amplamente validado na intervenção profissional? Quais os caminhos e descaminhos desta utilização prática? Quais dificuldades os assistente sociais tem encontrado para aplicar este instrumento na contemporaneidade? Existem novidades criadas a partir da intervenção profissional no tema das entrevistas? Quais? A aplicação da entrevista na prática profissional do Assistente Social consegue mediatizar o projeto ético-político da profissão?

O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar a adesão das famílias camponesas à produção da palma de óleo a partir de parcerias dos agricultores com a Agropalma e Biopalma nos municípios de Mojú e Concordia do Pará. Para tanto, foram entrevistados agricultores familiares que apresentaram os limites e possibilidades das relações de parceria com as empresas privadas, sendo subsidiadas pelo Estado.

Este trabalho busca analisar brevemente a racionalidade da politica publica de saúde no Brasil, a partir do marco da Reforma Sanitária, explorando alguns indicativos da tendência à “desuniversalização” do direito à saúde na contemporaneidade, bem como serão feitos alguns apontamentos teóricos que dão conta de promover a base de análise do tema em questão, passando pelos conceitos de racionalidade, racionalização, universalidade, politica social, dentre outros.

Analisar o tipo de Participação e controle Social exercidos no Conselho Estadual de Saúde no Estado do Pará - CES/PA no período de 2001 até 2009 foi objetivo central deste, pois naquele momento duas leis regulamentavam o Conselho. A Lei Estadual Nº. 5.751/93 e a Lei Estadual Nº. 6.370/01 que contrariavam o princípio básico de participação da sociedade civil organizada para constituição e composição do CES/PA, listando explicitamente os nomes das entidades que poderiam ter assento no referido colegiado. Este foi o motivo pelo qual permaneceram as mesmas entidades naquele espaço, por mais de oito anos e as nomeações e posse de conselheiros ocorriam naturalmente por meio de Decretos que os gestores entendessem necessários. Esta determinação na lesgislação negava a população paraense o direito de participar de um processo aberto e amplo de consulta popular na escolha de novas entidades e conselheiros a cada dois anos naquele colegiado. Esta prática contribuiu para que a sociedade paraense passasse a chamar ironicamente o CES/PA de "Conselho Biônico" a partir de 2001. Para execução desta dissertação elegeu-se a abordagem qualitativa, pois foi o método que melhor se adequou à análise de processos sociais. A pesquisa documental realizada nas atas, relatórios, decretos, portarias e outrosdocumentos constituíram a análise empírica. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem concluir que: (1) o tipo de participação exercido no CES/PA nos nove anos pesquisados foi a da concepção liberal e o Controle Social foi o exercido pelo Estado sobre os setores da sociedade civil; (2) a relação que se estabeleceu entre Estado e os setores da sociedade civil organizada no Conselho foi aquela caracterizada pela cooptação da sociedade civil, convertendo-se num instrumento de colaboração, limitando-se o CES/PA a aprovar decisões tomadas antecipadamente pelo Estado; e (3) o protagonismo dos setores da sociedade civil nos processos decisórios e nas atividades do exercício da Participação e do Controle Social no Conselho revelou-se do tipo passivo.   

Este trabalho apresenta uma reflexão sobre a atual orientação da política habitacional brasileira de intervir em áreas de assentamentos precários, sem a remoção dos moradores, de modo a garantir sua permanência nos locais infraestruturados. O eixo da investigação gira em torno da seguinte questão: em que medida a atual orientação da política habitacional brasileira de intervir em áreas de assentamentos precários, sem a remoção da população, garante efetivamente a permanência dos moradores nos referidos locais, particularmente no Projeto de Urbanização e Habitação da Vila da Barca. O estudo apóia-se em referenciais teóricos sobre a produção da cidade capitalista e a desigualdade de apropriação do solo urbano, processos estes que impactam diretamente na constituição dos assentamentos precários como espaço de moradia para as frações da classe trabalhadora brasileira, que não conseguem acessar o mercado privado da habitação, dado os mecanismos de formação de preços da terra urbanizada. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com base no método dialético, tendo como procedimento metodológico o levantamento bibliográfico, documental e de campo, sendo entrevistados 35 moradores que foram remanejados pelo projeto urbanístico da Vila da Barca. Os resultados apontam que as formas precárias de moradia popular constituídas em áreas insalubres e inadequadas, como os cortiços, as favelas, e, no caso de Belém, as baixadas, historicamente, foram removidas de forma repressiva pelo poder público. Entende-se que os projetos urbanísticos padronizados desenvolvidos na atualidade e voltados para o atendimento da necessidade de moradia dos trabalhadores, ainda que apresentem em sua configuração o tema da permanência, preservam os interesses da produção da cidade capitalista e evidenciam a lógica de segregação sócio-espacial, pois não imprimem mudanças substantivas na realidade das famílias. Além disso, ao contrário do que é propagado pelo discurso estatal, a pesquisa realizada na Vila da Barca, demonstra que tais projetos não conseguem garantir a fixação dos moradores nos locais de intervenção, uma vez que desarticulam as estratégias de sobrevivência das famílias, que sem condições financeiras e impossibilitadas de arcarem com os custos da nova moradia (taxas de serviços urbanos), tendem a vender os imóveis que lhes foram destinados, reproduzindo em outros assentamentos precários as condições anteriores de vida. Desta forma, o Projeto da Vila da Barca, concebido para resolver a situação de moradia das famílias da área, gerou graves consequências para as mesmas, em especial, a desestruturação das atividades ocupacionais, demonstrando os limites da intervenção estatal de acordo com a lógica de produção da cidade capitalista.

Este trabalho objetiva analisar de forma critica a noção de comunidades tradicionais da região de Juruti Velho, Juruti, no âmbito de Projeto Agroextrativista (PAE) conduzido pela Superintendência Regional do Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA), em Santarém. apresentando como marco teórico a definição de sociedade de economia natural e superpopulação relativa. Para a elaboração desta pesquisa utilizou-se entrevistas, análises documentais e bibliográficas. Concluiu-se que estas comunidades atingidas pelo projeto são, em muitos casos, expulsos de seu território e migram para as cidades em busca de melhores condições e trabalho contribuindo para o aumento do exército de reserva do capital e para a dissolução de seu aspecto tradicional.

Este estudo analisa o trabalho dos artesãos ceramistas num dos principais polos
produtores de artesanato paraense no bairro do Paracuri, em Icoaraci, Belém/PA, o
qual se constituiu o campo da pesquisa. Este bairro concentra cerca de 80 (oitenta)
olarias e envolve diretamente cerca de 220 (duzentos e vinte) ceramistas na
produção de artesanato em cerâmica, predominantemente, de grafismo Marajoara.
Metodologicamente, o estudo é referenciado pela abordagem crítico-dialética. Como
instrumentos de coleta de dados foram utilizados: a) documentos; b) observação da
dinâmica de trabalho nas olarias e entrevista semiestruturada. Teve 24 (vinte e
quatro) sujeitos da pesquisa, assim estratificados: 15 (quinze) artesãos ceramistas,
08 (oito) vendedores de peças artesanais confeccionadas em Icoaraci e 01 (um)
gestor de órgão público responsável pela execução de política pública em nível
estadual destinada ao artesanato. O trabalho encontra-se estruturado em:
introdução, em que se apresentam as reflexões iniciais sobre o objeto de estudo, a
segunda parte que se refere ao trabalho artesanal na dinâmica econômica da
Amazônia brasileira, a terceira que trata das particularidades do trabalho dos
artesãos ceramistas em Icoaraci com base extrativista, destacando que essa forma
de trabalho no Estado do Pará remonta ao período colonial. A quarta parte analisa o
trabalho dos artesãos ceramistas. Ao final, foram efetuadas as considerações sobre
os principais resultados destacando que, por meio desta forma de trabalho os
artesãos ocupam um lugar no mercado de trabalho, visto que o processo de trabalho
é atrativo para visitantes e turistas que procuram o bairro pela produção de peças
com grafismo marajoara, dentre outros. Esta forma de trabalho é a principal fonte de
renda desses trabalhadores. Em que pese a importância desta forma de trabalho
para a reprodução social dos artesãos pesquisados e para a constituição desse
bairro como polo produtor de artesanato, a base deste trabalho é extrativista, o que
remonta ao período colonial no Estado do Pará. Assim, essa forma de trabalho dos
artesãos ceramistas em Icoaraci-Belém/PA é determinada pela dinâmica econômica,
social, política e cultural da Amazônia brasileira. Sendo assim, a continuação desse
trabalho no Estado do Pará está relacionada, diretamente, aos seguintes aspectos:
savoir-faire, organização social dos mesmos em associações e cooperativas e ações
pautadas na agenda das várias políticas públicas (Turismo, Meio Ambiente, Indústria
e Comércio etc). As particularidades do trabalho artesanal em Icoaraci expressam
que as condições precárias de trabalho e de vida dos ceramistas estão relacionadas
ao lugar que a Amazônia brasileira vem ocupando na divisão internacional do
trabalho. Assim, a trajetória histórica de exportadora de produtos primários traduz-se
como limite à melhoria das condições de vida e de trabalho desses artesãos, os
quais trabalham em condições precárias e, nessa condição, contribuem para a
acumulação do capital. Neste sentido, demandam uma análise das múltiplas
determinações deste trabalho na perspectiva da melhoria das condições de vida e
de trabalho dos referidos artesãos ceramistas.

FEIRA E TRABALHO NA CIDADE DE VIGIA- PARÁ.