The present dissertation aims to understand the DOS, UV-Vis and Circular Dichroism spectroscopy of algal toxin molecules Anatoxin-a, Anatoxin-a(s), Cylindrospermopsin, Homoanatoxin-a and saxitoxin. The Gaussian 09W software is used for theoretical energy minimization calculations corresponding to the MM+ molecular mechanics method with the functional level B3lyp/6-311++G(d,p), used both in geometry optimization and in calculations of UV-Vis spectrometry, State Density and Circular Dichroism of molecules in water solvents. The research results show relevant UV-Vis spectra, State Density and Circular Dichroism, Raman and IR (infrared) and in the preparation of Tables that identify the modes of molecular vibrations of the aforementioned toxins, which led to identifying the types of vibrations in each region contained within specific wavelength ranges. They found that each algal toxin has a specific Gap, which makes it possible to identify the one that presents greater reactivity in relation to the other (smaller Gap) or greater stability (higher Gap). For the MEP (electrostatic potential map), it makes it possible to identify the region with the highest concentration of negative charges, which can be useful for identifying regions of reactivation between the toxin and a protein. The research is concluded considering the experimental comparison between the cylindrospermopsin toxin with graphical analyzes of the UV-Vis spectra, which led to a percentage of 0.5% as a margin of error, which was very significant, showing that the B3lyp base /6-311++G (d, p) chosen was very significant for comparing theoretical and experimental data.

Cassava is found in abundance in nature, especially in the State of Pará, from nthem it is possible to extract starch, rich in amylose and amylopectin, components that help in the production of bioplastics. Furthermore, Pará is the largest producer of açaí, a raw material that is also natural and has antioxidant, phenolic and healing compounds. The oil extracted from açaí has the same characteristics found in the pulp, which makes it an excellent agent for incorporation into
products added on polymers. The present study reports the characterization of cassava starch and evaluation of the biological characteristics of açaí oil, for the production of an active bioplastic, with the aim of incorporating the benefits found in the oil. To this end, some tests were carried out using plasticizers such as glycerol, ethylene glycol and sorbitol in the composition, to structure the
bioplastic, where glycerol proved to be the most viable option. Cassava starch was dried at three temperatures: 45, 60 and 75°C, for the drying curve, and it was observed that starch dried at 45°C had better performance, without significant losses in its structure. The analyzes carried out were relevant to detect the potential of açaí oil on incorporating bioplastic. It is known that the characterization of the oil is essential to ensure its quality. Açaí oil was evaluated for 1H NMR, which was essential for quantifying iodine (67.05 I2/g) and saponification (109.06 mg KOH/g) levels. Furthermore, the oil also presented satisfactory results, with emphasis on the following activities: antioxidant (532.56 μM of Trolox/g), anticancer (with reduced metabolic activity and cell viability for
the AGP01, SK19 and VERO lines, with IC50 75 .30; 80.15; 73.05 μg/ml, respectively), in addition to the promising result in anti-inflammatory activity that tested target gene TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and detected that the samples analyzed with the oil presented anti-inflammatory effect even after 24 hours of exposure, which confirms its bioactivity. This highlights the gigantic potential of using açaí oil for improvement and application in new products, as it has proven to be a strong ally against infectious and cancerous diseases, with cell recovery capacity. Therefore, the oil was incorporated into a polymeric matrix based on cassava starch, which resulted in bioplastic with a thickness (0.157 mm), PVA (19.39 g.mm.KPa-1.d-1.m- 2), transparency (2.60), and one of the highlights was the colorimetric analysis that was able to detect shades of green in the sample, represented by values of -5.75 (a*) and 10.90 (b*), identifying the presence of chlorophyll from açaí oil. In this way, it was possible to note the relevance of using this oil for inclusion in products that bring benefits to the end consumer, in order to take advantage of the chemical and biological properties that this oil has in its composition, as is the case of bioplastic, which contributes to the pharmaceutical sector for presenting bioactivity, in addition to its possible use in the packaging sector and helping to reduce the use of plastics from petroleum, as it is a 100% biodegradable plastic.

The adaptation of industrialization in the form of a sustainable economy, technological advances and computational benefits have motivated the use of process simulators to evaluate the potential of oleaginous species native to the Amazon region through fast and automated simulations. Therefore, the objective of this work was to apply the AspenHYSYS simulator to describe the tucumã-do-Pará oil extraction process using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent. The feasibility of simulations of the tucumã oil extraction process using the mathematical models of Menezes et al. (2023) and Tan and Liou (1989) were comparatively evaluated with experimental data previously selected from the literature. Simulations of the supercritical extraction of tucumã-do- Pará oil found that the model by Menezes et al. (2023) was adequate to describe the experimental kinetic data for all evaluated systems, which presented an RSD with a lower value of 0.57. The energy and material cost were calculated, and the value obtained (2.82 R$/g of oil) together with the high concentration of bioactives in the product demonstrate that the studied process presents a positive cost-benefit ratio. An increase in scale was carried out for beds 1, 5, 10 and 50L. For beds of up to 10L, an adequate projection of the process was obtained, considering that the deviations obtained were less than 1, however, for 50L, the adjustment presented a deviation of 58, which may infer that the model used has a scalability limit. Simulations of the, supercritical extraction of tucumã-do Pará oil, using AspenHYSYS, led to values consistent with the experimental data, thus confirming that the studied plant proved to be an effective tool for the study of the process.

With the advance of industrialization and consumption, becomes necessary the search for productive alternatives that are more sustainable and economical. For example, it is known that mining activity causes great environmental impacts, either by extracting ores or by improperly disposing of pollutants, as well as occurs in the disposal of agroindustrial waste. In this context, the study offers an alternative for the Bayer process waste disposal, the red mud, and the açaí waste, the açaí seed, through the synthetic aggregate production that can be used in the construction. The raw materials for the aggregate production were the red mud, clay, sand and the açaí seed. These materials went through drying, grinding and sieving processes. The red mud and clay were were characterized by x ray diffraction and x ray fluorescence and the sintered aggregate by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x ray spectroscopy and x ray diffraction. The açaí seed and the açaí seed charcoal were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The mixtures of the raw materials were established for five compositions to the conformation of the produced aggregates in pellets in a concrete mixer. Samples of 10 grams were separated for the drying kinetics experiment. The pellets were sintered in two temperatures, 1200 and 1250 ºC, during 3 hours. The produced aggregate is a ceramic material and the sintering reduces the porosity and increases the mechanical resistance of the product, also occurs changes
in the microstructure, they are: the formation of glassy phase and mullite. Physical tests were carried out on the sintered aggregates, calculating the apparent specific mass, the water absorption and the apparent porosity. The composition with 25% of sand sintered in 1250 ºC had a apparent specific mass of 1,69 g/cm³ and it is classified as a light aggregate.

Several researches are being carried out for the elaboration of cosmetic products using Amazonian raw materials, due to their innumerable properties. The açaí (Euterpe Oleracea) is a typical palm tree from the Amazon rainforest, from the pulp of its fruits it is possible to extract an oil with a high content of antioxidant compounds. The andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) is a tree easily found on the banks of the Amazonian rivers, whose seeds have an insect repellent and medicinal oil. The chestnut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) is a tree native to the Amazon region and its almonds are commercially known as Brazil nut, an oil with a high content of lipids, vitamins and minerals is extracted from them. The species (Astrocaryum aculeatum) is an oilseed with pulp widely consumed in northern Brazil, tucumã butter is extracted from its almond, presenting great cosmetic and pharmaceutical potential. Carmine is a red dye obtained from dry parts of the body of female insects (Dactylopius coccus), and has been widely used as a substitute for synthetic dyes by the cosmetic industry. Copaiba essential oil, extracted from the resin of the species (Copaifera Officinalis) has an exotic aroma and therapeutic properties. Thus, the objective of this study is the manufacture of lipsticks based on Amazonian ingredients mentioned above, in addition to other constituents present in their formulation. The oilseeds used in this study underwent physical chemical, GC-MS, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory analyses. In the lipsticks produced, quality control tests and colorimetry tests were carried out in order to evaluate the viability of the product.

The zeolite synthesis is composed of several reactional factors, in which changing a condition can significantly modify the intensity trend of the zeolite crystals or even the type of zeolite formed. In this context, this work aims to explore the change in the Si/Al ratio in different time periods and analyze the formed product. Initially, the characterization of hard kaolin was carried out through FRX, DRX, MEV, TG, DTG and DSC analyses. Subsequently, the hard kaolin was calcined at 650 °C for 2 hours, with the aim of transforming the starting material into metakaolinite, facilitating the restructuring into zeolite in the reaction medium of the dynamic hydrothermal process (with agitation). Altogether, 7 hydrothermal syntheses with different Si/Al ratios were carried out, each lasting 6 hours. In each synthesis, aliquots were removed every half hour and filtered, the liquid of which was used to carry out the titration, while the particulate material from the period of 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours was applied for verification in the X-Ray Diffractogram (DRX) and MEV. In all products, the crystalline phases referring to zeolite A, sodalite and in some points of faujasite and cancrinite were observed. In view of the data obtained, it was verified that all the compositions used had satisfactory results with zeolite formation from 1 hour of synthesis, that is, a short period of time. Furthermore, it was possible to verify in a visible way, through the intensity of the peaks and appearance or disappearance of zeolite types, the interference of time and the proportion of Si/Al in the medium. In addition to the XRD, the dendrogram analysis was used in order to identify clusters, that is, which products had similar characteristics, being able to analyze intervals of better formation. The MEV was carried out with the 1-hour material, verifying the characteristic morphology of zeolite A and sodalite, mainly in the proportions of Si/Al=1 and 1,5. The concentration of NaOH in the medium, verified by titration, showed little consumption of this reagent throughout the synthesis. However, it was concluded that the reaction conditions applied to the hard kaolin showed the capacity to form zeolites, allowing the verification of the formation.

Performing the interaction of the outermost protein of the Nipah virus with fourteen structures with potential for the emission of quantum dots, through anchoring and molecular dynamics, using molecular docking platforms: CB Docking, Swiss DOCK, AutoDock Vina 4.2.6 to perform a comparison of results showing the best values, in addition to using Gromacs 2022 to calculate the trajectories of ligands in relation to time. The complexes primarily demonstrate Hidrofóbica interactions at the receptor binding site. The affinity energy values obeyed the partial loads of the tips which presented better stability, the RMSD values also respected this premise. Thus, the set formed by combinations of proteins with quantum dot has the potential to more efficiently adsorb the protein components of the virus. Molecular dynamics and docking studies and verification of the binding energy revealed the strong and stable binding between para QD-K and QD-G and QD-F with the macrostructure of NIPAH virus. It was established in the docking studies, that the ligands have affinity energy scores of -13.658 kcal/mol, -13.6 kcal/mol, -13.9 kcal/mol, for K, G and F respectively. The same result was replicated in the Gibbs free energy analysis with values for F of 239.00 kcal/mol, G of 246.65 kcal/mol and K of 259.52 kcal/mol.

The treatment of industrial effluents has a great environmental and human health importance. Purifying water from polluting components such as metals and organic compounds can be considered one of the main applications in this field. Therefore, there is an interest in modeling one of the most used treatment processes, adsorption. In order to describe the dynamics of the process in an adsorption column, in this work the open code method of lines and the pdepe (matlab) function are used to solve the model formed by the balance in the liquid phase, linear driving force equation (LDF) and the Langmuir isotherm for equilibrium. An evaluation of the model varying some experiment conditions was carried out, through which results congruent with those found in the literature were observed. In addition, a sensitivity analysis of the phenomenon is carried out in relation to the parameters: Langmuir constant, LDF constant and dispersion coefficient, and subsequent estimation of these through the Monte Carlo technique via the Markov chain (MCMC). This model allows to have a profile of the rupture curve for different conditions without resorting to experiment.

The species Brosimum acutifolium Huber, popularly known as mururé da terra firme, ex-hibits therapeutic characteristics responsible for its use in folk medicine as anti-inflamma-tory, bactericidal, anti-syphilic, carcinogenic, anti-rheumatic, among others, due to the sig-nificant presence of flavonoids and coumarins, such properties have already been con-firmed in scientific research on the species. One flavonoid (Brosimin B) in particular draws attention for showing the ability to protect cells from the stress caused by hypoxia, in cases of stroke, in addition to demonstrating neuroprotective and photoprotective activity. This work, then, aims to perform an extraction via supercritical fluid (SFE) in a sequenced way with; CO2; CO2+ EtOAc; CO2+ EtOH, evaluating the parameters of the extraction process (pressure and temperature), carry out an evaluation of the chemical composition to identify the Brosimin B molecule and the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Therefore, a proxi-mate characterization of the raw material (moisture, ash, lipids and proteins) was carried out according to the methodology of the Instituto Adolfo Lutz (2008), and the determina-tion of the average particle diameter by the Sauter diameter (Ds) according to Kunii and Levenspiel (1991) and Jordan et al., (2016). For the SFE tests, the dynamic extraction time (Td) with CO2 was 60 minutes and CO2 flow rate of 3 L/min, Td of 60 minutes for CO2+ EtOAc and flow rate of 1.16 L/min and Td of 60 minutes for CO2+ EtOH and CO2 flow rate of 1.34 L/min, and raw material mass of 10 g. The selection of temperature and pres-sure variables was performed based on the difference in CO2 density, the isotherms of 313.15 K and 333.15 K combined with the pressure values of 250, 300 and 350 bar. The evaluation of the chemical composition by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) according to Wagner and Bladt (2001) allows us to infer that the 3T1P1 extract showed a better chemical profile in relation to phenolic compounds, flavonoids and fatty acids. , that the 2T1P3 and 2T2P3 extracts exhibited a more evident coumarin profile in relation to the other evaluated extracts. The determination of the presence of Brosimin B in the extracts will be carried out with the aid of 1H and 13C NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectra. The results of the proximate characterization were in agreement with the literature, nominal values of moisture (%) (13.6281), 0% lipids, ash (%) (2.1220±0.0454) and proteins (%) (4, 4106±0.0954*). With an average particle diameter of 0.456 mm. The results obtained reveal that the SFE global yield values on a dry basis were better in the extraction conditions with CO2+ EtOAc (0.7799 %) at 333.15 K at 350 bar (ρ=912,866 kg/m3) and in the extraction with CO2 + EtOH (0.3126%) at 313.15 K at 250 bar (ρ=946.716 kg/m3 ). The lowest yields observed were in the extraction with CO2+ EtOAc (0.3288%) was obtained at 313.15 K at 250 bar (ρ=927.279 kg/m3) and in the ex-traction with CO2+ EtOH (0.1714%) at 313, 15 K at 350 bar (ρ=975.609 kg/m3). Evidenc-ing still, the inversion of the isotherms (range of 300 bar), causing that above this range of pressure, the isotherm of 333,15 K presents bigger efficiency. Thus, the partial results al-lowed to characterize the matrix to the nearest point in the aforementioned items, revealing information that is not available in the researched literature, in addition to inferring the best operational conditions in terms of yield, for the SFE extraction of this raw material based on the operational parameters analyzed and confirm the chemical composition of the species.

This work aimed to produce cellulose acetate (CA) from in natura palm kernel pie (TD) it was subjected to different chemical treatments: bleaching (TDB), alkaline (TDA) and alkaline followed by bleaching (TDAB). The CA was obtained from the different materials by homogeneous acetylation in the mass ratios: 1:5, 1:10 and 1:15 (acetic acid), 1:15 (acetic anhydride) and 1:0.1 (sulfuric acid). Reactions were carried out at room temperature under constant stirring (120 rpm, 24 h). The characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C-NMR) techniques. The degree of substitution (GS) was determined by titration with 0.25 mol.L-1 sodium hydroxide solution, being confirmed by FTIR and 1H and 13C NMR with different GS. The CA synthesized from the combination of pre-treatments presented DS of 2.81 (TDAB5), 3.02 (TDAB10) and 3.07 (TDAB15), being, therefore, it characterized as cellulose triacetate, corresponding to the yield values (m/m) of 50.45%, 65.5% and 97.21%. By analyzing the results, TDAB15 was the best condition for obtaining cellulose acetate from palm kernel cake.

In recent years there has been a growing increase in the production of biopolymers, due to the environmental problem caused by conventional plastics. The incorporation of fillers in the matrices of biopolymers can improve their properties, making their applications more and more effective, thus increasing their use in the market. In this work, biocomposite films of cassava starch are obtained by incorporating belterra clay as filler, after chemical treatment with H2O2 and HCl, and intercalation with DMSO, aiming to optimize the mechanical properties and investigate the thermal, barrier and solubility properties of the natural biopolymer of cassava starch. For this, Belterra Clay and cassava starch were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM/EDS and TG/DSC techniques. Subsequently, the Belterra clay was chemically treated with H2O2 and HCl to remove organic matter and impurities present, and intercalated with DMSO to obtain the biocomposites. The cassava starch/Belterra clay biocomposites were obtained through 2k factorial experimental planning and the analysis of their mechanical properties (thickness, rupture tension, deformation and elastic modulus). At the end, the optimized biocomposite was obtained through the desirability function, and its mechanical, thermal, barrier and solubility characteristics were determined. The optimized biocomposite film obtained presented characteristics of being not very rigid, having good elasticity and medium resistance to deformation, in relation to its mechanical properties. Regarding solubility and water vapor permeability, the results obtained showed that the biocomposite film proved to be resistant and to have a high interaction with water. Regarding the thermal properties of the optimized biocomposite, the presence of clay did not increase the decomposition temperature of the starch matrix present in the film and besides it remained as residue after the decomposition of the film.

The evolution of automation in industrial processes has brought many benefits to humanity. The use of automatic systems has been growing and becoming more and more frequent in machines and projects. Aiming at greater production, reliability and cost reduction. Due to the high value of technological equipment, it is necessary to seek more financially viable alternatives to obtain efficient and accurate results. An issue commonly encountered in chemical engineering laboratories is the difficulty of collecting samples over a long period, eg experiments to determine adsorption breakthrough curve. Thus,
this work proposes to develop a low-cost equipment, in which a liquid can be collected automatically. From a microcontroller, the Arduino Mega, it is possible to interconnect the programming technique with an open source language (open-source) based on C++. Developing a command algorithm for the control and operation of stepper motors and solenoid valve. Several tests were performed for accuracy of positioning and volume collection for: 5, 10 and 15 ml. In which, the prototype presented good results defined by the mean and standard deviation of the collected samples. The implementation of this equipment tends to improve the working conditions of users, ensuring better accuracy, avoiding waste by manual collection and bringing convenience. It is observed that the prototype has a monetary value that ismuch lower than the equipment consolidated in the
market. Demonstrating that it is a viable and promising proposal for laboratories that need automatic volume collection.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the thermodynamic properties of propanols propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol and their isomers 2-methylpropan-1-ol and 2-methylpropan-2-ol in addition to elaborating a proposa for mixtures with fuels, gasoline, diesel, and kerosene-based on the Functional Density Theory to determine thermodynamic properties, such as specific molar heat at constant pressure, entropy, Gibbs free energy, a variation of the formation enthalpy for calculating the heat of combustion. The excited state of the propanols and their isomers, applied to their energy figures transferred by the functional hybrid of the B3LYP structures, in the bases 6–311 ++ g (d, p) and 6- 31g (d) were simulated using the software package Gaussian 09W and the semi-empirical method PM3. To obtain the physical properties of the chemical reactivity in the gas phase of each component and its combustible isomers, the temperature range of 0.5K - 1500K was used at a constant pressure of 1atm and in a vacuum. The addition of propane and its isomers in the combustion phase provided a greater energy balance as a whole, with 2-methylpropan-1-ol and 2-methylpropan-2-ol generating 13.38 and 13.88 KJ / ga more of gain energy per unit mass than ethanol (22.73 KJ / g) and methanol (12.70 KJ / g), the progressive increase of fractions 10%, demonstrates that propan-1-ol with 33.49 KJ / g and propan-2-ol 33.53 KJ / g, obtained the highest energy losses when compared to gasoline, which reached 13.81 and 13.77 KJ / g respectively in pressures, temperature patterns. The combustion of propan-1-ol was the lowest in all events over fractions in the case of diesel fuel 11.31 KJ / g and kerosene 12.71 KJ / g.

The study aims to evaluate, from extracts, the yield (on a dry basis), quantify the total polyphenols, evaluate an antioxidant activity, perform a theoretical NMR research of the julocrotine, crotonimide A and crotonimide B structures, originating from Croton pullei VAR. glabrior LANJ and evaluate these molecules on the molecular docking front as enzymes candida albicans (PDB ID: 1AI9), staphylococcus aureus (PDB ID: 1DIM) and salmonella typhi (PDB ID: 4URM). A conventional extraction was performed using a stainless-steel extractor and three-factor planning (temperature, particle size and solid/liquid ratio) and three Box-Behnken levels, to determine which variables are influential in the responses. The quantification of total polyphenols is performed according to the Folin-Ciocalteu methodology. For an antioxidant analysis, the IC50method is applied. And the theoretical NMR study was carried out via DFT, where the computational methods DFT/B3LYP/cc-pvDZ and DFT/B3LYP/6-31 G* are competent to obtain the chemical displacements (δH and δC), for comparison to the experimental ones and thus provide which computational method is the most efficient. Suggestions range from 10.61 (trial 4) to 5.57 (trial 5). In the quantification of total polyphenols, test 3 presents a maximum value of 308.84 mg EAG/g, whereas test 6 presents a minimum value of 101.33 mg EAG/g. The maximum and minimum antioxidant values are, respectively, for tests 8 with 98.97% and 14 with 94.74%. In general, the DFT/B3LYP/cc-pvDZ methodology was more efficient compared to the analyzed structures. As molecules hydrogen bonds with residues Lys 57 (A), Arg 56 (A),Cys37, Gly38, Asp62, Gly193, Tyr342, Gly56, Arg37, Tyr128, Arg56, Thr58 (A), Gly114 (A) and Thr 127.

The contamination of the water resource systems by emerging contaminants has caused environmental concern due to the harmful effects on the ecosystem. In this sense, this work investigated the adsorption of emerging contaminants: ibuprofen sodium (IBU) andnaproxen sodium (NPX) on activated carbon (ACs). The adsorbents were produced from the endocarp of a fruit from the Amazon estuary, the murumuru,the residue of a company that extracts the fruit pulp.The ACs produced by physical and chemical activation, called TACand QAC, respectively. The ACs were characterized by physical, chemical and textural analyzes, such as: moisture and ash content, yield, TGA/DTA, XRD, FTIR, surface pH, pHZPC, Boehm titration, BET, BJH and HK. The moisture content, ash and yieldof QAC(4.37; 5.30 and 40.81%) were higher than that of TAC (1.43; 3.41 and 23.11%) and through thermogravimetric analysis identified that TAChas greater thermal stability. The x-ray diffractograms confirmed the amorphous character of the coals produced.The qualitative and quantitative analysis of FTIR, functional groups of surface and pH, verified the acidic character of chemical coal and basic of thermal coal. The BET, BJH and HK isotherms identified the specific surface areas (512.92 and 271.18 m2.g-1), the distribution, volume (0.206 and 0.108 cm3.g-1) and the pore diameter of TAC and QAC. The adsorption process was investigated between IBU-TAC, IBU-QACand NPX-QAC. The influence of the adsorbent dosage (0.01 -0.15 g), the contact time (240 -360 min.) and the pH of the solution (3.0 -10.0) was verified and the optimum conditions were 0.15 g, 300 min. and pH 3.0 for IBU-TAC(qe = 2.02 mg. g-1; R%= 60.96), IBU-QAC(qe = 2.28 mg.g-1; R%= 70.11) and NPX-QAC(qe = 2.62 mg.g-1; R%= 76.08). In the kinetic study the models of pseudo-first order (PPO), pseudo-second order (PSO), Weber's intraparticle diffusion model and Boyd's film-diffusion model weretested.The PSO model represented in a satisfactory way the adsorption of adsorbates in AC sandexternalmass transfer is the controlling step of the studied adsorption processes. In the study of the adsorption balance the Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherms (28, 35 and 45 °C) were tested. The Freundlich model was the one that best described the experimental equilibrium dataand the values of n > 1 shown a strong interaction between ibuprofen, naproxen and ACs. The thermodynamic parameters calculated from the adsorption isotherms (28, 35 and 45 °C), indicated that the IBU-TAC, IBU-QACand NPX-QACadsorption processes are spontaneous, favorableand endothermic.

In order to mitigate the effects of global warming, colored NIR reflecting pigments with an iron-zinc spinel structure (FexZn1-xAl2O4) were synthesized by the combustion method, varying the iron ion content (x = 0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.4 ; 1) and calcination temperature (600 °, 800 ° and 1000 ° C), and were characterized in order to evaluate the influence of these variables on the materials produced's final properties. The spinel phase was confirmed in all samples, except for x = 1 at 600, 800 and 1000 ° C. In addition, the hematite and alumina phases were identified with an increase in the iron content and an increase in the calcination temperature, indicating that the iron ion oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+easily. Infrared spectroscopy identified the characteristic spinel bands between 500-900 cm-1 associated with metal-oxygen-aluminum vibrations. The diffuse reflectance analysis confirmed that the synthesized pigments are potentially reflective, with R* (66.31-91.54%). The evaluation of the thermal performance of coating prepared with the synthesized pigments on an aluminum sheet under infrared incidence revealed a decrease of up to 6.4 ºC compared to the aluminum sheet without coating and with black coating. Colorimetric analysis using the CIELab method indicated the color of the zinc-iron pigments varying between white (x=0), green (x=0.1), yellow tones (x = 0.2), orange (x=0.4) and red (x=1). The color of the pigments can be influenced by the metal-ligand transitions and d-d electronic transitions. The color difference between the powdered pigment and coating can be seen visually, mainly in the lightening issue (increase of L *), although, in general, the original tones were maintained.

Several extraction techniques have been developed for obtaining bioactive compounds present in plant matrices. In this sense, this study carried out an optimization of the supercritical extraction of Anadenanthera colubrina leaves. Therefore, a Box-Behnken experimental planning was performed, where the effects of pressure (200–400 bar), temperature (40–60 °C) and extraction time (1.0–3.0 h) were evaluated in the global mass yield (%), in the total phenolic compounds (mgEAG/gES) and total flavanoids (mgEC/gES) of the supercritical fluid extraction. The results of overall yield, phenolic compounds and total flavonoids ranged from 2.19–5.09 %, 52.06–91.70 mgEAG/gES and 5.25–15.89 mgEC/gES, respectively. The values of pressure, temperature and time in the optimized condition were: 350 bar, 50 ºC and 2.5 hours. For these conditions, the results were 5.86% for overall yield, 144.04 mgEAG/g ES for total phenolic compounds and 19.05 mgEC/g ES for total flavanoids. In addition, the antioxidant capacity was determined by the method of Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (294,19 µmol ETrolox/gES) and the antimicrobial activity determined with strains of B. cereus, E. coli, E. faecalis, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus e S. typhi, where the optimized extract of A. colubrina showed inhibitory activity in all strains tested, with L. monocytogenes being the most susceptible to the extract action. Thus, it is possible to observe that the studied species has a considerable amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity with potential effect in the treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress, in addition to antimicrobial activity, which allows the development of drugs for the treatment of certain infections.

There is an expectation for generation a large amount of lignocellulosic biomass due to
the growth of the oil palm agroindustry, in the state of Pará, having a high lignin content
which can be transformed to biofuels or other polyaromatic compounds with most benefit
aiming at a green economy in the region. In this context, a study of lignin thermo
conversion by using the catalytic potential tunsgsten, cobalt and nickel supported on
Al2O3 was carried out, aiming at the production of the biofuel or other inputs as
polyaromatics and naphthenic compounds for the development of alternative products in
an integrated system biorefinery. An evaluation of the thermocatalytic transformation of
the extract rich in lignin extracted from empty fruit bunches (EFB) by caustic hydrolysis
was performed, following a factorial experimental design to verify the optimal conditions
for obtaining organic liquid product (OLP). The temperature (125 and 175 oC), the
catalyst concentration (1 and 5%) reactor were the independent variables, with yield and
high heating value of OLP as responses. The catalyst with the configuration W-Co-Ni
/Al2O3 was prepared from the reagents Phosphotungistic Acid, Cobalt Nitrate II and
Nickel Nitrate, grade PA, dry impregnated in Al2O3. The catalyst characterization was
performed by using DRX, MEV, FTIR and TG / DSC analyses. The results showed OLP

yields around 50%, with a positive effect of temperature and interactions between
temperature and catalyst concentration. The OLP high heating value reached a value that
represents twice the value presented by the EFB, indicating the possibility of its use as a
biofuel.

The study of water flow through unsaturated media is of fundamental importance
for research related to water availability and management of natural resources, in addition
to these, it has relevance in practical applications in the areas of hydrology, engineering,
and mathematical modeling. In this context, mathematical models and simulations are
important for the simulation or phenomenon of water infiltration in the soil. In this work,
the objective was to solve a non-linear differential equation of Richards for the
unidimensional and transient flow in multiple layers. The Line Method (MOL) is used to
solve the ODEs system and a Finite volume scheme for spatial approximations. For the
discontinuity present in the layers interface, use a transition function and the single
domain profile treatment. The results presented are in agreement with the solutions
available in the literature.

The characteristics of the adsorption of acetaminophen (AC) on activated carbon (CAs) thermally (CHT), and by chemical processes: H3PO4 (CHF) and H2SO4 (CHS), produced from the açaí stone (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Were investigated through Box Behnken Design (BBD) experimental planning. CAs were characterized by BET, pHPCZ, acidity / basicity analysis, humidity, ash, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy and SEM. The reversible kinetic models of first order, irreversible pseudo-first order, Elovich, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion were used to interpret the adsorption kinetics. The adsorption process follows the second order model and the intraparticle model reveals that the adsorption process is controlled by film diffusion for all the studied processes. The balance data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Tenkin, Sips, Redlich-Peterson and Toth models. The equilibrium system for AC adsorption in CHT was better adjusted by the Sips model, Tenkin model AC adsorption in CHF and the Sips model for AC adsorption in CHS. All adsorption processes were considered favorable and spontaneous. The thermodynamic analysis describes the endothermic adsorption for the AC system in CHT and AC in CHF and exothermic for the AC system in CHS, in addition to confirming the fissission mechanism for all studied systems. The adsorbents generated from the açaí seed were effective for removing acetaminophen in aqueous solutions.

This work deals with the formulation of a water-based paint for surface coverage using
powder from the seed of acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) As an organic pigment and filler in its
composition. In preparing the core powder for use in the paint, they were subjected to drying
processes at 70 ° C for 48h to remove moisture, to grinding processes to combine the cores, to
the sieving process for granulometric classification (115, 200 and 270 mesh), and finally
testing the total anthocyanin content. In the formulation process, the seed powder charges
used were 25%, 30% and 35% of the total mass, being mixed with other components (resins,
solvents and additives) under agitation, after these steps, cover tests, rheological tests,
degradation tests, determination of specific mass and pH. The rheological results "viscosity"
show that the paint expresses non-newtonian behavior, presenting the best correlation
coefficients, R² = 0.999, the Ostwald-de-Waele, Herschel-Bulkley and Cross models in the
compositions of 25% and 30% in the granulometries 115 and 200 mesh. In the coverage test,
the results were acceptable, as the applied area had total coverage according to industrial
standards. As for the degradation tests, the best results were obtained with compositions 35%
and mesh # 270 inner wall, 30% and mesh # 270 outer wall, 30% and mesh # 270 45 W
chamber, 35% and mesh # 115 30 W chamber and 25% mesh # 200 chamber 15 W.
Therefore, the pulped acai seed presented itself as a viable raw material for the production of
water-based paint, in general the composition being 30% and mesh # 270 the recommended
one due to the better coverage, finishing and degradation. It is also noteworthy that the use of
acai stone residue in the production of paint is another socio-economic-environmental
alternative in manufacturing processes, and in the contribution to the reduction of this
environmental liability. 

Describing a variety of processes involving the formation of particulate systems requires
an understanding of population balance models. These models seek to predict the
evolution of particle size distribution, a property that controls many aspects within
particulate systems. To know this distribution, it is necessary to know the phenomena that
can modify the particle distribution in time, such as nucleation, growth, breakage and
agglomeration of particles. Given the wide range of mechanisms present, several models
are proposed and each model has its respective parameters. Within the Bayesian approach
of estimation of parameters and model selection, the Markov Chain Monte Carlo and
Approximate Bayesian computation techniques were applied to estimate parameters and
select models for population balance models that describe the behavior of particulate
systems found in the literature. Using simulated measurement, the Markov Chain Monte
Carlo technique was applied to estimate model parameters and the Approximate Bayesian
computation algorithm was applied to select models and estimate model parameters
simultaneously. By applying the techniques present in this study, good estimates were
obtained, generating satisfactory results and showing that both techniques had good
applicability in the parameters of the models under study and in the selection of the
analyzed models .

The present study is to analyze the model and a new solution approach for the ethanol
production process in immobilized cell bioreactors. In this case the mathematical
formulation is presented in terms of mass transport to spherical particles with
immobilized cells and to the continuous and agitated bioreactor. The assumptions adopted
are transient regime, constant physical properties, uniform agitation without cellular
detachment. For the solution of the governing equations, the model was reduced, through
the coupled integrals methodology (CIEA), to a system of ODEs which had been solved
numerically by the NDSOLVE routine of the MATHEMATICA Software. The theory of

inverse problems was applied for the estimation of parameters using the Levenberg-
Marquardt method. Soon after, simulated measurements were generated through the new

solution methodology such as the Generalized Integral Transform Technique (GITT), in
order to compare the results between the applied techniques and those available in the
literature. To know the consistency of the techniques, reduced sensitivity analyzes are
performed. Results for substrate and product potentials are generated and compared with
those in the literature as a function of the key parameters Biot number (Bim), cell
concentration () and specific maximum cell growth rate (μ max). The model provides
confirmation of common sense, ie the higher the number of Biot (Bim) the lower the
external resistance and the more substrate is available for the cellular metabolism. And

the higher the cell concentration () the faster the substrate consumption and consequent
product formation.

A CADASTRAR...

Low transition temperature mixtures, 2-Propanol, Liquid-liquid equilibrium,
Thermodynamic modeling.

Este trabalho teve como objetivos a elaboração de uma base de dados de parâmetros de interação binária para as equações de Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) e Peng-Robinson (PR) comas regras de mistura de van der Waals com dois parâmetros de interação binária, empregando o programa acadêmico EDEflash e da equação de RK-Aspen, com as regras de mistura RK- Aspen, com dois parâmetros de interação binária, empregando o pacote computacional de modelos termodinâmicos Aspen Properties a partir de dados experimentais, e a simulação do fracionamento do óleo essencial de laranja empregando o simulador comercial Aspen Hysys 8.6. Todas as regras de mistura descreveram quantitativamente os sistemas com desvios médios dentro da faixa dos erros de cada ponto de equilíbrio experimental publicados para as medidas da pressão, temperatura e frações molares das fases líquida e gasosa. A equação RK-Aspen, com as regras de mistura RK-Aspen apresentou os menores desvios médios absolutos para a fase líquida dentre os sistemas estudados. O fluxograma do processo implantado no Aspen Hysys 8.6 consistiu de uma coluna de absorção de multiestágios em contracorrente para representar a coluna de fracionamento e vasos flash para a separação das diferentes frações de óleo essencial. As simulações foram realizadas a temperaturas de 50 e 60°C e pressões entre 85 e 110 bar. A equação de RK-Aspen foi selecionada, com os parâmetros de interação binária determinados previamente, como pacote termodinâmico para descrever as relações de equilíbrio de fases do processo de fracionamento. Os efeitos da pressão e temperatura no desempenho do processo de fracionamento foram avaliados com base nos seguintes parâmetros: recuperação dos compostos-chave nos fluxos de extrato e rafinado, fator de separação, razão de enriquecimento e perda de compostos-chave após a separação das frações do óleo essencial de laranja do dióxido de carbono. De acordo com a configuração do fluxograma do processo, três frações de óleo essencial de laranja foram obtidas quando as correntes de extrato e rafinado foram despressurizadas para serem separadas do CO2 nos vasos flash, que podem ser matérias-primas valiosas para as áreas de alimentos, cosméticos e perfumaria.

The acid sludge from the physical refining of palm oil is an agroindustrial residue obtained after the crude oil deodorization step. It is a raw material consisting mainly of fatty acids and has low added value, and thus becomes an attractive raw material for the generation of biofuels. This work aims to study the use of the physical refining residue (acid sludge) as raw material for the production of biofuels through the thermal and catalytic cracking reaction. For the development of this study, thermo-catalytic transformation experiments of the acid sludge were carried out at temperatures of 250, 300 and 350 ° C and time of 30 minutes. The catalysts used were 10% nickel and cobalt base, supported in zeolite material used in the oxide form and reduced and characterized by BET, SEM, XRD and TPR analyzes. The yields of the organic liquid products (PLO) obtained in each reaction were calculated and the best working temperature and catalyst determined. These products went through fractional distillation in order to obtain fractions in the ranges of petroleum-like products such as gasoline, kerosene and diesel. The results show the best PLO yields using the NiCoZeo, Co°Zeo and Ni°Zeo catalysts in yields of up to 73% at temperatures of 300 and 350 °C. Chromatographic data showed that nickel and bimetallic catalysts obtained better yields for hydrocarbon composition, up to 88% for Ni ° Zeo-350 ° C, in the biofuels bands. Thus, it was concluded that the catalysts were active for the cracking reaction and selective for hydrocarbon compounds in the biofuel lines.

The production and purchase of automobiles has been increasing in the last
decades and, with this, the number of automotive catalysts that are discarded also grows,
generating residues that pollute the environment. Recycling reduces the impacts caused
by the disposal of these materials and can be a source for urban mining. In automotive
catalysts, recycling is geared towards the use of platinum group metals (rhodium,
platinum and palladium) present in its constitution. The objective of this work is to
recover Pd, Pt and Rh from deactivated automotive catalysts using acid leaching (HCl +
H2O2) and investigate the parameters that influence its efficiency (temperature, HCl
concentration and pulp density); and extraction of these metals in a selective and efficient
manner using hollow fiber membrane contactors, having as organic extractor LIX-84IC
5% (v / v) and kerosene as a diluent. The results of the leaching at its optimized point
obtained recovery values of 97.16%, 53.14% and 70.77%, respectively, for Palladium,
Platinum and Rhodium. Solvent extraction using membrane contactors showed to be quite
selective for the palladium extraction, extracting 76.37% in the operation time of 90
minutes and pH = 8.

Phthalates are capable of causing mutations and other changes in genetic material.
This work aimed to investigate the molecular interactions between di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and monobutyl phthalate (MBP) and monoethyl phthalate (MEP) metabolites, interacting with DNA. The research was carried out using molecular modeling techniques, such as moleculares docking simulations and molecular dynamics. Molecular plating revealed that DEHP, MBP and MEP are able to establish hydrogen interactions with various nucleotide bases, and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the molecules under study interacted with the DNA, and the results of binding free energy demonstrated that the DNA-ligand interaction has favorable free energy.

In this work, composites of isophthalic unsaturated polyester matrix with kaolin residue and bamboo fibers were produced. The method of manufacturing applied was the manual (hand-lay up) associated to compression, with previous determination of the saturation limit and the gel point. The fibers were characterized by physical and morphological properties, as well as the particulate, by physical, morphological, thermal, chemical and mineralogical properties. It was also evaluated the effect of the alkaline treatment on the fibers with NaOH solution in different concentrations and, for the production of composites with fiber incorporation, a method and system was developed to aid in the alignment. The composites were characterized in terms of mechanical performance (tensile strength and fractographic analysis) and flammability, in addition to physical properties, such as specific mass, apparent porosity and apparent water absorption. The results showed that the composites with particulate addition did not show significant changes in the mechanical strength, maintaining its performance equivalent to that of the matrix, with approximately 16.59 MPa. The incorporation of fibers, on the other hand, resulted in superior mechanical properties, with tensile strength of up to 28.98 MPa for the best composition. As for the flame retardancy, the addition of kaolin residue had a positive effect on the performance of the material with gains of up to 47 %, reducing the firing rate from 24.21 to 12.83 mm/min. The combined action of fiber and residue, in the optimum fraction of work, provided simultaneous increases in mechanical performance and flammability, reaching 25.11 MPa and 15.14 mm / min, respectively. The alkaline treatment, under the applied conditions, had little effect on the properties and the alignment method, together with the applied manufacturing process, proved to be efficient for the production of the composites.

In recent decades, studies in nanotechnology have attracted the attention of researchers from
various fields, engineering, chemistry, physics, medicine, environment. In medicine, major
advances focus on diagnosis and disease therapies, such as magnetic resonance imaging and
hyperthermia cancer treatment, respectively. Magnetic nanomaterials for such biomedical
applications should have size control of less than 20 nm, crystal structure and well-defined
morphology. Thus, iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles are one of the most studied materials for
such applications, because they have low toxicity, and can be coated and functionalized. Thus,
nanoparticle samples of iron oxide were synthesized by variation in the protocol of the thermal
decomposition method, which according to literature is one of the best methods of quality
nanoparticle synthesis. During the synthesis, the oils of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), Ucuuba
(Virola surinamensis) or bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.), Rich in fatty acids (açaí, ~ 91%
palmitic acid; % of myristic acid (both saturated), and bacaba, ~ 61% oleic (unsaturated) acid,
as an alternative, in the substitution of oleic acid, in the synthesis and coating process of
magnetic nanoparticles. These oils were obtained by the supercritical CO2 extraction method,
from which the pure product can be obtained. After the synthesis, the samples were
characterized by XRD, in which it was possible to verify the formation of nanoparticles of
magnetite (Fe3O4) through the position and width of the intensity peaks. By MET measures it
was possible to observe that the nanoparticles have spherical morphology and, together with
SAXS measurements, it was verified that the nanoparticles are of very small size, with an
average diameter smaller than 5 nm. In addition, thermal analyzes (TG / DTG) and neutron
activation (AAN) determined that the samples had concentrations of 75%, 64% and 25%,
referring to the Fe3O4 nucleus of the samples synthesized with açaí, ucuuba and bacaba oil,
respectively, and the remaining percentage is related to the coating of the nanoparticles, which
potentiate them for possible biomedical applications. From the thermal analyzes, it was also
possible to prove that the oils suffer degradation at temperatures above 300°C. The
magnetization results show that the samples synthesized with natural oils exhibit higher
saturation magnetization than for oleic acid coated nanoparticles. Through PAC measurements
it was observed that the samples have a transition temperature of ~ 858K. Therefore, the results
reported here show that natural oils have great potential to produce stable nanoparticles, which
together with their therapeutic properties could be used in biomedical applications.

Flame retardant additives are commonly used in various segments such as construction, electronics, transport, furniture and textiles. Most of these additives are present as halogenated compounds However, the use of these compounds leads to the release of toxic gases during combustion, increasing the demand for non-halogenated flame retardants such as phosphorous compounds, magnesium hydroxide and alumina trihydrate. In this context, a tailing rich in mineral hydroxides, is generated from the steps of disintegration and washing of bauxite and deposited in large sedimentation ponds, causing some problems such as losses in the production process, because the tailing contains important minerals such as gibbsite (Al2O3.3H2O), kaolinite (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O) and other minor minerals, among them Al-goethite ((Fe, Al) 2O3.H2O, therefore called gibbsítico-kaolinite-goethite (RGCG), as well as to generate environmental impacts such as the devastation of large areas. Thus, these minerals, being hydrated, become possible fire retardants. In order to ratify the presence of these minerals, chemical and thermal characterization were made in the wate and in an industrially retardant (Gibbsite Synthetic-GS). The retarding action of this waste was evaluated, yielding composites of different contents with 0, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30% of RGCG, and 10, 20 and 30% of GS by inserting them as a filler in a polymer matrix of isophthalic polyester (IP), which were subjected to flame retardancy tests. It was also analyzed the physical and mechanical properties of the composites produced, which demonstrated the increase of the apparent porosity, apparent specific mass and water absorption through the increase of the reject content in the polymer matrix, there was still a decrease in tensile strength in these composites. In the waste, the presence of mineralogical phases of gibbsite, kaolinite and goethite were observed mainly through characteristic peaks and hydroxyl groups. The flammability tests in the composites of 20 and 30% RGCG, obtained burning rates of 9.88 and 3.48 mm / min, values similar to the results obtained for composites with GS load of 9.95 and 3.67 mm / min, composites with the same load contents. In this way the RGCG significantly influenced the flame propagation velocity, generating possibilities for its application as a retarder in composites of IP matrices.

Keywords: Bauxite; Tailing; Retardance; Composite.

Several studies on red mud (Bayer process residue) show that this can be considered as a source of secondary raw material for the recovery / concentration of valuable metals such as titanium present approximately 5% by weight. For this, it is necessary to extract iron compounds present in greater amounts (35% by weight) in the LV. Therefore, this work proposed the development of a thermal-hydrometallurgical process aiming at the reduction of hematite in magnetite thus facilitating the extraction of iron compounds from LV by means of acid leaching. The process consisted of two steps: The first step will allow obtaining a material with magnetic characteristics through the reduction of hematite to magnetite by means of thermal treatment in reducing atmosphere. For this purpose mixtures of red mud and charcoal were calcined at different concentrations at temperatures of 500 ° C, 600 ° C and 1000 ° C for 2 hours. X-ray diffraction analyzes showed that hematite was reduced to magnetite in all experimental conditions and that for the calcined mixtures at 1000 ° C, besides magnetite formation, maghetite was also present. In the second step the iron compounds now in the magnetic phase were extracted by leaching with 30% (v / v) sulfuric acid. X-ray Fluorescence analysis performed on the leached pie found the extraction of iron in all experiments, since the percentage of iron in the LV in natura was 34.56% by weight and after the thermal-hydrometallurgical process this percentage did not reach values greater than 4% by weight.

roton matourensis AUBL. is an Euphorbiaceae popularly known as “Coroatá” and
“Maravuvia”, is the most widely distributed species in the Brazilian Amazon and studies on
the chemical composition and biological activity of this species are scarce in the scientific
literature. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of granulometry on yield, in
the chemical composition of the essential oils of the bark, twig and leaf and in the
microbiological analysis of oils extracted from the leaf of Croton matourensis. The essential
oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and its chemical composition was determined by Gas
Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (CG-EM). For the microbiological analysis
the microdilution method was used, whose objective was the determination of the Minimum
Inhibitory Concentration (CIM) of all bacterial strains and fungal strains tested. In the
chemical analysis forty six compounds were identified in the bark for the fine granulometry
(CGF), thirty nine compounds for the average particle size (CGM) e forty nine compounds for
coarse granulometry (CGG), being the majority in fine granulometry (GF): α-pinene
(20,97%), linalool (11.84%), 1,8-cineole (8,89%); average particle size (GM): linalool
(46,53%), α-terpineole (9,56%), terpinen-4-ol (5,02%) and thick granulometry (GG): linalool
(36,96%), 1,8-cineole (14,56%), α-pinene (10,3%). For the leaf were identified fifty three
(CGF), sixty one (CGM) and sixty two (CGG), being the majority (GF): linalool (19,87%), Ecaryophyllene (13,24%) and caryophyllene oxide (8,17%); (GM): linalool (24,73%), α-pinene
(15,52%), ρ-cymene (15,15%); (GG): linalool (22,59%), α-pinene (15,93%), ρ-cymene
(9,92%) and for the volatile oils of the branch were identified forty nine (CGF), Thirty six
(CGM) e twenty eight (CGG), being the majority (GF): NI1 (35,54%), NI2 (10,65%),
caryophyllene oxide (4,73%); (GM): NI1 (32,37%), linalool (12,23%), NI2 (9,69%) e (GG):
NI1 (40,33%), linalool (21,76%), NI2 (9,46%). In the microbial analysis the leaf medium
presented the best result because inhibited the growth of the four bacteria P. mirabilis,
P.aerug, S. aureus, S. typhi and fungus C. albicans, while the thin leaf sample only did not
inhebited the growth of the bacterium S. typhi and the thick leaf sample only inhibited the
growth of P.aerug. The results obtained in the analyzes carried out in this research showed
that the particle size analysis directly influences the yield, chemical characterization and
microbiological analysis of the studied parts of the C. matourensis AUBL

Bauxite. Deflocculant. Friction fator. Viscosity.

The sustainable construction of the future, and has low energy consumption and
greenhouse gas emissions must also adopt the principle of reuse of wastes impacting
the environment generated by the productive chain. The aluminum production chain has
as one of the leading waste impact on the environment the gray generation. The present
study focused on the research and development of a cement-based material. Refers to an
inorganic polymer, formed by the activation of amorphous aluminosilicates (Al2O3.
SiO2), which react in a strongly alkaline medium, called geopolymer. As a raw material
furnace fly ash, mineral residue from the combustion of the boilers of the company of the
municipality of Barcarena-PA; As a source of aluminosilicate, and the kaolin that
underwent the process of burning at 800 ºC that became metakaolin; And the alkaline
medium of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), used as activators.
As fly ash partially crystallizes during burning and loses some of its amorphous state, so
are its reactive properties to chemically combine during the geopolymerization reaction
are reduced. To increase reactive properties of fly ash and added metakaolin. As the main
analyzes, no X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (FRX), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and EDS. Tests of resistance to compression of the traces in the
hardened state were also carried out and the rheological test of the geopolymer was
carried out at the start of the reaction in the fresh state. For Davidovits ratios in the range
of 2.5 to 3.23, the best geopolymers with compressive strength were obtained reaching
25 MPa in 24 hours of cure. For 60 days of cure at room temperature the geopolymers
reached a resistance of 45, 36 MPa. The research carried out through the characterization
analysis of the samples and the mechanical and rheological tests were presented in a
satisfactory way and demonstrated that the residues of fly ash and metakaolin, when
activated with sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide, are an alternative for the possible
application of Geopolymer materials in construction.

The bacaba's fruit (Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.) is regionally known for its characteristic taste, high lipid content and high energy value. Its production takes place mainly in the periods of the açaí off season, from February to July, especially in the form of pulp,  in addition to ice cream, popsicle, jelly, among other by-products. However, the high degree of perishability and oxidation of fruit pulps, such as bacaba, has driven demand and studies of conservation methods. Drying and powder production  in the spouted bed is an alternative method that has proven to be operationally feasible, as well as producing powder of similar quality to other extraction methods, its costs are considered lower when compared to spray drying and frezeer drying. In this work, it is experimentally evaluated the obtaining of bacaba pulp powder in spouted bed, using maltodextrin carrier, and high density polyethylene (HDPE) particles as inert material. An experimental design of Box and Behnken was performed to analyze the statistical influence of drying air temperature (55, 65 and 75°C), maltodextrin concentration (0.15, 0.20, 0.25 g_maltodextrin/g_suspension) and dry air velocity (1.2, 1.25, 1.3 × ) in the yield responses of poder , final moisture contente , retention of anthocyanins   and retention of phenolics . The yield of the powder collected in the drying process varied from 25.67% to 56.41%, and the moisture content of the powder was 5.68% to 10.2%. Regarding the retention of anthocyanins and phenolics, the values ranged from 16.98% to 91.31% and 59.74%  to 95.38%, respectively. The temperature was the input variable that most influenced the yield of the collected dust, final humidity and anthocyanin retention, whereas for the retention of total phenolics, the maltodextrin concentration was the only variable with statistical significance within the experimental domain studied. An excellent drying condition was found by the desirability function, and the powders obtained in this condition showed porous characteristics, soluble, high flowability and low moisture. The bacaba powder presented nutritional modifications, however it can be considered a product of good quality, whose future application may be interesting for functional products.

Ionic liquids in recent years have aroused strong interest in the scientific community, because it is a liquid salt at room temperature and has excellent physicochemical properties (low vapor pressure, thermal stability and etc.). The objective of this work was to synthesize a new class of protic ionic liquids and to study the phase equilibrium of water + protic ionic liquids [2-HEA][Pr], [2-HEA][Bu] and [2-HEA][Pe] + alcohols (1-pentanol and 1-hexanol) at temperatures of 293.15; 313.15 and 333.15 K, and under these conditions, to use the thermodynamic models NRTL and UNIQUAC to describe the behavior of the systems. The protic ionic liquids were synthesized from the acid-base neutralization reaction and RMN analyzes were used to prove the formation of these compounds. The liquid-liquid equilibrium data of the ternary systems were determined by obtaining the solubility curve by the cloud point method, the mooring lines were quantified by the gravimetric method of Merchuk et al. and the reliability of the data were verified using the empirical correlation of Othmer-Tobias. With respect to liquid-liquid equilibrium data, a decrease in solubility curves was observed as the temperature increased for all systems. The same behavior was observed in relation to the increase of the carbonic chain of the ionic liquids. The mooring lines presented a steep slope, but the temperature used in each system did not change the distribution of the components in the system, showing that all ionic liquids had preference for the aqueous phase of the systems, even though it had a slight alcohol selectivity. The quality of the experimental data was tested using the Othmer-Tobias test empirical correlation and it was observed that the experimental equilibrium data presented R² values close to unity for all systems, indicating a certain degree of reliability of the experimental data. All the experimental data were correlated by the NRTL and UNIQUAC models, presenting excellent prediction results of the systems studied, and the NRTL model represented the best experimental data.

The main purpose of this research was to study the aldehyde dehydrogenase (BoALDH) enzyme present in the annatto seed (Bixa orellana), it’s an orange-red pigment responsible for the production of norbixin carboxylic acid, from the enzymatic conversion of bixin aldehyde. The pigment has various applications such as dye, antioxidant and cosmetology. The BoALDH doesn’t have the crystallographic structure deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) yet. Therefore, the 3D structure of the enzyme was predicted by the homology modeling technique, using a Zea mays vegetable homologue mold deposited in the PDB on code 4i8p. The three-dimensional model was generated by the HHalign-kbest procedure. With respect to the mold, the modeled protein showed a preserved active site. The protein molecular dynamic simulation was accomplished, using the molecular mechanic method to determine the conformation of the larger enzyme stability. After the dynamic, the molecular docking of the NAD cofactor and aldehyde ligands of bixin and norbixin was performed. The results obtained to the potential energy of the ligands in the site passed the statistical test by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and they showed that these values indicate larger stability of the reagent in the catalytic domain with respect to the product, which indicates that upon entering the active site the aldehyde is converted to carboxylic acid and expelled after the reaction, in accordance with the literature to the superfamily of the ALDH10 enzymes. In addition, the cofactor performs a decisive influence on the ligands behavior in the catalytic domain, directly influencing  the receptor-ligand docking energy.

The Croton palanostigma is popularly known as "dragon blood" and used in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and wound healing. This paper proposes a study between the methodologies of conventional mining and extraction in supercritical carbon dioxide of stem bark of C. palanostigma, aiming to evaluate the extracts obtained income, the amount of total polyphenols, activities, antioxidant and anti-microbial. For the extraction process was conventional used jacketed extractor glass, in addition to a factorial design experiment of three factors and three levels of type Box-Behnken, with the objective of determining which variables (temperature, the extraction time and the relationship between mass/solvent) could influence the process, extraction for quantification of total polyphenols was used the method of Folin-Ciocalteau, with some changes and using the chart acid as a standard of reference, to analyze the antioxidant activity, we used the method of IC50, which measures the concentration needed to reach 50%of decrease in absorbance of DPPH radical and to the analysis antibiological was used the method of microdilution, whose goal was the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (CIM) Of all the tests ahead of the bacterial and fungal studied. The extraction methods used were efficient to obtain the extracts, with some qualitative differences, such as for example: color, viscosity and flavor. Quantitatively, the technique of conventional extraction presented a higher yield in their tests, however the same demanded much more time to process and greater amount of material used, both as botanist of solvent, in addition to all the variables assessed in this study were considered significant for the process, while the extraction supercritical the time used was significantly lower, as well as a lesser amount of botanical material and the co-solvent used (ethyl alcohol). For the quantification of total polyphenols found that the conventional extraction test 9 (T=45ºC; t=30 min; g/mL=1:2) was less efficient than those obtained by extracting supercritical (Test 1; T=40ºC; P=100 bar and Test 3; T=60ºC; P=300 bar) and having significant variables for the analysis time and relationship between mass and solvent. For antioxidant activity the best result was to extract conventional (IC50=30.71%) in relation to the test 3 (T=60ºC; P=300 bar) to extract supercritical (IC50=52.36) and having the variables, time and temperature its favorable conditions for the process. To analyze microbial all extracts obtained with the conventional extraction showed, in at least one of their concentrations, inhibitory activity against at least one of the pathogenic strains used in the test. For the samples obtained from the extraction in supercritical carbon dioxide to test 2 (T:60 ºC; P:200bar) showed no inhibitory activity against any bacterial strain used in the test, strain, bacterial Enterobacter did not suffer disqualification for none of the samples of supercritical carbon dioxide at a temperature of 60°C and E. coli also did not inhibit forward samples of extraction supercritical except test 1(T=40ºC; P=100 bar).

Zeolites are ceramic materials formed by four oxygen atoms enclosing a cation, rearranged in interconnected tetrahedra and presenting channels and "cages" as a framework of open cavities, normally occupied by water molecules and extra-structural cations capable of ion exchange. The objective of this work was to synthesize sodalite zeolite from filler kaolin (CE) with the use of heating mantle and / or heat dissolution of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate, as well as to evaluate the energy cost of zeolite synthesis Only with heat of dissolution and thus to elaborate through the material synthesized pellets of varied composition of sodalite, and other materials like treated clay, charcoal and hair in order to study the effect on the efficiency in the adsorption of water vapor and copper ion . The zeolite used for the conformation of the pellets was synthesized using calcined filler kaolin at 600 ° C, sodium hydroxide and silicate and distilled water. The zeolitic products as well as the starting materials were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermal Analysis (DSC, DTG, TG). From the reaction conditions studied it was possible to obtain zeolitic material in the short time 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 min using dissolution heat and 30 and 60 min using dissolution heat and heating mantle. Through the zeolitic material obtained, as well as its pellets, water vapor adsorption tests were carried out in systems with and without moisture control, as well as copper ion adsorption in which the final concentration was measured in Uv-1800 model spectrophotometer. The results showed that the adsorption of water vapor with and without moisture control applying pulverized sodalite and pellets had statistically similar values. The adsorption of the copper ion had a good efficiency when compared to other studies available in the literature.

In this work a technological route was proposed aiming at the reduction of hematite to magnetite and the release of titanium present in red mud from Hydro Alunorte. The fluorescence and x ray diffraction analysis showed that the red mud presents in their composition approximately 5% of titanium oxide as anatase and 28% of iron oxide in the forms of hematite and goethite. Therefore, the proposed route will enable the obtainment of a material with magnetic characteristics which can be used as source of titanium after extraction of iron compounds in magnetic form. So, the reduction of the hematite to the magnetite was carried out by thermal treatment in a reducing atmosphere. To accomplish this, mixtures were made in different concentrations of red mud and charcoal. These mixtures were calcined at temperatures of 500, 600 and 1000 ° C for two hours. Then, X ray diffraction analysis were performed, which showed that the hematite was reduced to magnetite in all experimental conditions and, for the mixtures calcined at 1000 ° C, besides the formation of the magnetite, there was also the formation of maghemite. Through analysis of Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, it was verified that for calcination temperatures of 500 to 600 ° C titanium remained in the free form of anatase, but for the calcination carried out at 1000 ° C this passed to the combined form with iron (ilmenite). The technological route allowed the formation of magnetite from the red mud, which can be extracted with the use of a magnetic separator.

Encouraged by the prospect of using Palm oil as raw material for biodiesel production,
the productive chain of the palm oil has been expanding quickly in the northern region
of Brazil, leading to a large production of solid and liquid waste, that they need a
suitable destination, so don't come harm the environment. The use of this material as
raw material for biofuel production via thermal processing is one of the viable
alternatives to reduce the environmental impact and enhance the productive chain of
the oil palm. Among these is the solid waste of oil palm mesocarp pie (TMD) which
represents about 25% of the mass of the fruit. In this sense was made an evaluation
of thermochemical transformations of the TMD at temperatures of 150 ºC Cabinet, 250
ºC, 350 ºC, 450 ºC and 550º C. For it was made initially raw material characterisation
through immediate analysis, Composition, heat capacity and Power Analysis
Lignocellulosic Thermogravimetric (ATG). The experiments for determination of
thermochemical transformations were carried out in a batch equipment containing a
cylindrical stainless steel reactor with volumetric capacity of 440 cm ³, heated with
electrical resistance of 1.5 kW and having the temperature measured and controlled
by sensor type K, and gas output to a condensing system, consisting of stainless steel
pipe with diameter of 2.5 cm and 15 cm length , mounted in series, where the
separation of the liquid fraction (condensable gases) and soda (incondensable). The
results showed that the TMD is a lignocellulosic material with 45% 21% 34% of
hemicellulose and lignin, and power heat capacity of 22.5 MJ/kg. Thermal processing
noted that solid products yield decreases while the production of liquids and gases
increases with increasing temperature. The liquid formed showed a similarity in
composition for the various processing temperatures, but the solid products have had
a significant increase in the fixed carbon content. Solid products the highest rate of
degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose in temperatures up to 250° C, with a
prevalence of lignin in the products obtained at temperatures above.

Biodiesel has attracted growing attention worldwide in recent years. The production of biodiesel from biomass involves separation and purification steps. The method generally used, the aqueous washing, has major disadvantages such as the generation of wastewater and forming emulsions. The objective of present work is to investigate the biodiesel purification using carbon dioxide, which in supercritical conditions has properties capable of separating glycerol phase of esterified phase (biodiesel), providing higher quality products and less waste. In this study, two simulations were used for analysis and investigation of purification of crude palm oil biodiesel. Both configurations conventionally designed the project process via ethylic route by basic catalysis to the reaction step. The "case 1" used a fractional distillation column for separating excess ethanol and a liquid-liquid column extraction using water as solvent for the separation of glycerol. The "case 2" applied a fractionating column in countercurrent, used for the glycerol separation step, carbon dioxide as supercritical solvent and for separating excess of ethanol, a flash vessel in the final purification of biodiesel. The simulator employed was Aspen HYSYS V8.4 that used binary parameters, adjusted with the equations of state of Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) and Redlich-Kwong-Aspen (RK-ASPEN) to study systems, performed the simulations appropriately. The supercritical CO2 proved to be efficient in the separation of glycerol, given that biodiesel produced with this purification technology met the ANP main standards rules.

A bioxidação é um dos pré-tratamentos utilizados antes da cianetação convencional para promover a solubilização de metais como cobre, ferro através da ação oxidante de micro-organismos nos sulfetos metálicos. Esta técnica consolidada é utilizada antes do processo de cianetação para reduzir o consumo de cianeto livre e tornar o ouro acessível aos processos posteriores de recuperação, elevando significativamente a extração deste metal. Desta forma, o presente trabalho consiste em estudar a melhor rota biotecnológica para o pré-tratamento de um minério aurífero e o efeito destes tratamento na avaliação do consumo de cianeto durante a cianetação . Para este fim, testes de bioxidação foram conduzidos em escala de laboratório utilizando um  minério aurífero (90g/ton Au) proveniente de uma mina situada no Estado do Amapá, Brasil. As culturas bacterianas utilizadas nos testes biológicos de 20 dias foram Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, linhagem LR e Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, linhagem FG01. Os produtos do processo de bioxidação foram submetidos a ensaios de cianetação para testes de avaliação de consumo de cianeto e recuperação de ouro. Os estudos experimentais realizados mostraram que após 24h de cianetação da amostra mineral sem tratamento a recuperação de ouro foi de 93% (32 mg/L) com o consumo de NaCN de 2,86 kg.t^-1, enquanto a melhor extração entre as amostras bioxidadas foi a do biorreator R2 de condição oxidante com 87% (30 mg/L) de ouro, e com consumo de 2,64 kg.t^-1 de NaCN. Os resultados obtidos mostram a viabilidade da técnica de bioxidação antes da cianetação para a redução no consumo de cianeto.

O corante hidrossolúveldo urucum sal de norbixina é usado na indústria de fármacos, cosméticos e principalmente no setor industrial de alimentos em aplicações na panificação, embutidos, iogurtes, confeitos, massas alimentícias, queijos, biscoitos recheados, sucos concentrados e outros. A baixa toxicidade e a sua capacidade de coloração fazem deste um corante natural muito atrativo e conveniente, em substituição a muitos corantes sintéticos. Essas características estimulam buscar formas de viabilizar a utilização dos corantes naturais na indústria de diversos segmentos, além de fomentar pesquisas acerca de sua obtenção de modo que se tenha um produto com as características e qualidades desejadas. Neste trabalho realiza-se a análise experimental da secagem do corante hidrossolúvel de urucum (bixa orellana) em de leito de jorro, utilizando a fécula de mandioca como agente carreador e partículas de poliestileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) como material inerte. A extração do corante foi realizada por imersão e agitação das sementes de urucum em solução hidróxido de potássio a 5%.São avaliadas estatisticamente a influência das variáveis de entrada do processo de secagemtemperatura (70,80 e 90 °C) , pressão de atomização (10, 15 e 20 Psi) e vazão de atomização da suspensão (10, 7 e 8,5 mL/min) nas respostas:rendimento de coleta do pó (η), teor de umidade (U) e teor de sal de norbixina do corante empó (S), utilizando o aplicativo Statistica®7.0. A estimativa da condição ótima de secagem dentro do domínio experimental analisado é determinada em função das variáveis de entrada aplicando o conceito de desejabilidade global. A partirdas condições estabelecidas neste trabalho, alcançou-se um valor ótimo da Função de Desejabilidade considerado como muito bome que correspondeà temperatura do ar de secagem de 82,6°C, pressão de atomizaçãode 13,7 Psi e a vazão da suspensão corante de 10mL/min, gerando valores satisfatórios para as variáveis de resposta correspondentes a 71,69% de rendimento, 0,06161 g H₂O/g sólidos secos de umidade  e 2,3605% de teor de sal do norbixina do corante em pó.

O conhecimento de fatores que influenciam a reologia de polpa de bauxita faz-se necessário e importante para o controle de qualidade do processo de escoamento via mineroduto. O presente trabalho avaliou a influência de diferentes frações granulométricas (-100#+150#; -150#+200#; -200#+270#; -270#+325# e -400#) na reologia da polpa de bauxita transportada através do mineroduto da Mineração Paragominas S/A (MPSA). Foram realizadas análises de caracterização mineralógica, através da Difratometria de Raios-X (DRX) das frações de bauxita obtidas por peneiramento a úmido, sendo observada mineralogia semelhante (gibbsita, caulinita, hematita, goethita e anatásio) entre as diferentes frações granulométricas, havendo um incremento na concentração das frações mais grossas para frações mais finas analisadas. O estudo dos parâmetros reológicos foi realizado no viscosímetro Haake VT 550, com sensor tipo cilindros coaxiais SV1, a temperatura de 30ºC. Polpas de bauxita, com teor de sólidos constante e igual a 50% foram preparadas, a fim de se garantir as especificações de transporte seguro e eficaz por mineroduto. Ensaios de curvas de viscosidade aparente versus concentração de aditivo foram realizados utilizando-se o poliacrilato de sódio em concentrações que variaram de 0 – 1% (m/m) com o intuito de se determinar a concentração ideal de aditivo necessária à estabilização das polpas formuladas. Determinadas as concentrações ótimas de poliacrilato de sódio, os ensaios de histerese foram realizados. Verificou-se que quanto menor o diâmetro médio das partículas, maior a quantidade de aditivo faz-se necessária à estabilização da polpa e que a adição de poliacrilato de sódio à fração mais fina de bauxita ocasionou floculação do sistema. De uma maneira geral, o comportamento reológico das polpas de bauxita aditivadas com as respectivas concentrações ótimas de poliacrilato de sódio mostrou-se não-Newtoniano e dependente do tempo, apresentando características de fluido reopético para as frações com granulometrias entre 127 e 48,5 μm e comportamento tixotrópico para fração fina de diâmetro médio menor que 37 μm. A polpa de bauxita de granulometria fina e sem a adição de poliacrilato de sódio apresentou comportamento reopético. Observou-se, para as polpas de bauxita dispersas, que a diminuição do tamanho médio das partículas influencia a magnitude da área de histerese formada, causando uma diminuição do caráter reopético. 

Neste trabalho foi estudada a adsorção de corantes básicos têxteis por argila a partir de soluções aquosas, em sistema de batelada. A argila foi proveniente de Icoaraci, região metropolitana de Belém, Estado do Pará (Brasil) e foi utilizada sem tratamento (A-BRU) e tratada por decantação e sedimentação (A-TRA). Os corantes básicos estudados foram: Amarelo Básico 28, Azul Básico 26 (Azul Vitória), Amarelo Básico 02 (Auramina), Vermelho Básico 01 (Rodamina 6G) e Laranja Básico 02. As argilas foram caracterizadas por análises química (CTC e densidade de carga Q), físicas (análise granulométrica,  superficial - S_BET e picnometria a gás), térmicas (ATG e ATD), mineralógica e morfológica (DRX, MEV/EDS e FTIR). Estudos de adsorção foram realizados para investigar a afinidade entre corantes e argilas (testes qualitativos), os efeitos da concentração inicial e pH das soluções de corantes. Os dados de cinética de adsorção foram analisados por modelos teóricos. Os dados de equilíbrio de adsorção foram correlacionados aos modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich. Parâmetros termodinâmicos foram calculados a partir dos dados de equilíbrio, em diferentes temperaturas. Na composição da argila foram identificados os minerais quartzo, caulinita e ilita/muscovita. A concentração de partículas de argila aumentou 100% na A-TRA após a sedimentação. A S_BET aumentou de 22,38 m².g^-1 (A-BRU) para 33,02 m².g^-1 (A-TRA). Diferenças significativas entre os valores de densidade e volume total de poros das amostras de argila não foram observadas. Comparativamente, o valor da CTC da amostra A-TRA aumentou cerca de 300%. As superfícies das argilas são predominantemente negativas, conforme os resultados de densidade de carga (Q). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os resultados das análises térmicas das amostras. A partir dos testes de afinidade de adsorção os corantes mais reativos foram o Amarelo Básico 2 (AMB2) e o Azul Básico 26 (AZB26) e o adsorvente com melhor desempenho foi a argila A-TRA. Os dados de cinética de adsorção foram bem ajustados pelos modelos de pseudos segunda ordem (AMB2/A-TRA) e difusão intrapartícula (A-TRA/AZB26). Os dados de equilíbrio de adsorção foram bem descritos pelos modelos de Langmuir (AMB2/A-TRA) e Freundlich (A-TRA/AZB26). Os parâmetros dos referidos modelos matemáticos mostraram que a adsorção é favorável. As grandezas termodinâmicas indicaram que os processos de adsorção investigados são espontâneos e endotérmicos.

A Virola surinamensis, popularmente conhecida como ucuúba, é uma árvore típica encontrada em várzeas e margens de rios da região Amazônica. A gordura extraída das sementes possui alto ponto de fusão e é um produto apreciado pelas indústrias de cosméticos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a extração de gordura das sementes de ucuúba utilizando fluido supercrítico e comparar, em termos de rendimento de processo e composição dos extratos, com os obtidos a partir da técnica de extração por solvente orgânico (via soxhlet). A técnica de Extração por Fluido Supercrítico (Supercritical Fluid Extraction - SFE) foi utilizada por ser considerada uma tecnologia limpa, ambientalmente segura e economicamente atrativa, evitando o consumo de grandes quantidades de solventes orgânicos, que são muitas vezes caros e potencialmente prejudiciais. Os extratos supercríticos de sementes de ucuúba foram obtidos utilizando temperaturas de 40, 60 e 80 ºC, combinado com uma pressão de 350 bar, a densidade do solvente variou de 789,2 a 935,6 kg/m³ e uma vazão de 2,7 L/min. O maior rendimento obtido utilizando CO₂ supercrítico foi de 64,39% para a condição de extração de 350 bar e 80 °C. O rendimento para a extração via soxhlet foi de 61,38%. Os modelos de transferência de massa de Goto et al. (1993), Esquível et al. (1999) , Tan e Lio (1989), Barton (1991) e Martinez et al. (2003) foram utilizados para descrever as cinéticas de extração utilizando fluido supercrítico. Os modelos que melhor descreveram as cinéticas de extração, apresentando baixos desvios relativos médios, foram os modelos de Martinez et al. (2003) e Goto et al. (1991).  A análise de perfil de ácidos graxos mostrou que a composição da gordura de ucuúba é predominante por ácidos graxos saturados, principalmente dos ácidos mirístico e láurico. A atividade antimicrobiana das gorduras obtidas foi testada nos seguintes microorganismos: Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli. Somente a bactéria Staphylococcus aureus apresentou halo de inibição, que variou de 10 a 11 mm.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral a simulação com o Aspen Hysys, do processo de fracionamento utilizando dióxido de carbono supercrítico, em colunas de multiestagios em contracorrente de solução aquosa de etanol e de óleo de peixe, empregando equações de estado cúbicas com os parâmetros de interação binária extraídos de uma base de dados de parâmetros, previamente elaborada com diferentes regras de mistura, para as equações de estado de Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK), Peng-Robinson (PR), suas respectivas modificadas e Redlich-Kwong- Aspen (RK-Aspen), a partir de dados experimentais de sistemas binários de ésteres etílicos e metílicos, ésteres de ácidos graxos de óleo de peixe, biocompostos, sistemas aquosos e componentes minoritários de óleos vegetais. De modo geral, não ocorreram diferenças significativas na predição do equilibro de fases para todas as equações de estado utilizadas com as regras de mistura Quadrática, Mathias-Klotz-Prausnitz (MKP) com 2 e 3 parâmetros, KM1 com 3 parâmetros e RK-Aspen com 2 e 4 parâmetros. Cabe destacar que a regra de mistura RK-Aspen com 4 parâmetros de interação binária apresentou os menores erros absolutos para a maioria dos sistemas estudados. No simulador foi utilizada a equação de estado de Redlich-Kwong-Aspen como pacote termodinâmico, com as regras de mistura RK-Aspen. As simulações a pressão de 140 e 145 bar e 60°C para as composições P1 e P8 mostraram que o aumento da concentração de (eC20:5w3) e (eC22:6w3) ocorreu as custas do consumo de solvente (dióxido de carbono), ou seja, com o aumento da relação S/F, atingindo 85,67 % para S/F= 200 para a composição P1 e 70,61% para S/F=150 para a composição P8. Os resultados das simulações deste trabalho a 145 bar e 60°C, com as relações S/F de 70, 90, 110 e 130, utilizando diferentes composições de óleo de peixe, apresentaram rendimento em fluxo de rafinado superior em relação a coluna simulada na literatura, no Aspen Plus com a equação de Peng-Robinson, para todas as relações de S/F. Quanto a qualidade de recuperação dos compostos de interesse (eC20:5w3 e eC22:6w3), ambas as simulações apresentaram desempenho similares. Para o processo de fracionamento de soluções aquosas foram realizadas a pressão de 101 bar e temperatura de 333 K. Os resultados mostraram que as simulações reproduziram os experimentos na maioria das condições operacionais em escalas de laboratório, piloto e industrial publicados na literatura.

Neste trabalho, propôs-se avaliar misturas de enzimas comerciais fornecidas pela Novozymes A/S. As enzimas utilizadas neste trabalho foram: complexo celulásico, xilanase, β-glucosidase, na produção de glicose a partir do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar submetido a tratamento alcalino com solução de hidróxido de sódio na temperatura ambiente, 70ºC, 90ºC e 120ºC. Os rendimentos do BCA em base seca após tratamento com solução de NaOH a 6% (m/v) foram de 30,64% ± 1,395 (PACTA), 44,00% ± 1,787 (PAC70), 65,91% ± 1,096 (PAC90), e 95,25% ± 1,461 (PAC120), respectivamente. Os teores de cinzas para o BCA foram de 2,05% ± 0,027 (PACTA), 0,62% ± 0,013 (PAC70), 0,48% ± 0,007 (PAC90) e 0,18% ± 0,008 (PAC120). Os teores de lignina foram de 20,67 ± 0,603 (PACTA), 13,03 ± 0,711 (PAC70), 6,05 ± 0,196 (PAC90) e 5,49 ± 0,151 (PAC120). Os rendimentos da fermentação alcoólica foram de 33,44(PACTA); 41,56(BCA70); 68,95 (BCA90) e 71,38 (BCA120). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as taxas de conversão dos resíduos celulósicos em glicose são fortemente dependentes da temperatura no processo de polpação alcalina. Os parâmetros cinéticos obtido nos ajustes cinéticos da hidrólise enzimática do BCA para a PACTA, PAC70, PAC90 e PAC120 foram: V_max (g/h) igual a 7,20; 5,12; 4,54 e 0,87 respectivamente; K_m (g) igual a 3,6; 2,56; 2,27 e 2,56 respectivamente; K_cat (h) igual a 1,44; 1,02; 0,91 e 0,17 respectivamente; K_m/V_max igual a 0,5 para todas as amostras e K_cat /K_m igual a 0,4 para todas as amostras.

A abordagem proposta para condução deste trabalho tem por objetivo a simulação e a análise comparativa entre duas rotas de processo, possíveis de serem aplicadas na etapa de desacidificação do produto liquido orgânico (PLO) obtido através do processo de Craqueamento Termocatalítico do óleo de palma, visando definir qual dos processos apresenta a maior eficiência operacional. Foi utilizado para a elaboração do diagrama de fluxo do processo o simulador de processos ASPEN HYSYS Versão 8.4, parte integrante do pacote computacional Aspen ONE da Aspen Technology. Os processos  analisados foram o da extração liquido-liquido e o da destilação fracionada. Para o processo de desacidificação via extração liquido-liquido o diagrama de fluxo foi concebido com três estágios de extração em série, seguido de dois vasos separadores e duas colunas de destilação fracionada, uma com 10 pratos teóricos para recuperação dos hidrocarbonetos contidos na corrente de rafinado e outra com 5 pratos teóricos, para adequação da acidez contida na corrente rica em hidrocabornetos ao limite definido na norma ANP. Para o processo de desacidificação via destilação fracionada o diagrama de fluxo do processo foi constituído de uma coluna, com 25 pratos teóricos. Na simulação foram avaliados os impactos no rendimento e no consumo de insumos e utilidades do processo, causados pelas variações da acidez da corrente de alimentação, teor de água no etanol utilizado como solvente, número de pratos da coluna bem como as iniciativas de recuperação de energia perdidas ao longo do fluxo. Nas condições simuladas, ambos os processos demonstraram ser eficaz no processo de desacidificação do PLO, sendo obtido na extração liquido-liquido 80% e na destilação fracionada 91% de remoção da acidez total, entretanto a destilação fracionada demonstrou ser mais eficiente, por apresentar um custo operacional 34,1% inferior ao obtido pela extração liquido-liquido.

O presente estudo consiste em analisar a dinâmica do escoamento magnetohidrodinâmico de fluidos newtonianos condutores elétricos no interior de um canal de placas planas paralelas submetido a um campo magnético externo uniforme, em que a formulação matemática dos modelos é dada em termos de função corrente, obtida a partir das Equações de Navier-Stokes e da Equação da Energia. As suposições adotadas são de regime permanente, escoamento laminar e incompressível e propriedades físicas constantes. Admite-se também que o campo magnético externo, aplicado na direção normal ao escoamento, permanece uniforme, não sendo, dessa forma, influenciado por nenhum efeito magnético interno. Para a solução das equações governantes do problema físico, a Técnica da Transformada Integral Generalizada (GITT) é aplicada a este sistema de equações diferenciais parciais e uma solução híbrida (numérico-analítica), a qual é computacionalemente implementada utilizando-se a linguagem de programação científica FORTRAN 90. Com o objetivo de ilustrar a consistência da técnica da transformação integral, análises de convergência são efetuadas e apresentadas. Resultados para os campos de velocidade e de temperatura, bem como potenciais correlatos são gerados e comparados com os da literatura em função dos principais parâmetros de governo. Uma análise aprofundada sobre a sensibilidade paramétrica dos principais parâmetros adimensionais, tais como número de Reynolds, número de Hartmann, número de Eckert, parâmetro elétrico e número de Prandtl, para algumas situações típicas é realizada.

As argamassas são consideradas como um sistema particulado em suspensão com agregado miúdo, aglomerante, água e aditivo polimérico constituinte orgânico. Fatores como granulometria, teor de cimento, cinza e aditivo em sua composição influenciam nas propriedades da argamassa tanto no estado fresco quanto no estado endurecido. Foi realizado o estudo reológico e de ensaio mecânico em argamassa elaborada para assentamento e revestimentos pela incorporação do aproveitamento de rejeito da construção civil (RCC) como agregado miúdo e cinza volante resíduo mineral proveniente da combustão das caldeiras da empresa HYDRO ALUNORTE. O presente trabalho visa desenvolver uma argamassa modificada por polimero que possua como aglomerante Cimento Portland CPII E-32RS e cinza volante e como agregado miúdo areia e RCC aditivada por poliacetato de vinila (PVA). Foi realizado o estudo da influência do cimento, da cinza, da granulométrica dos agregados e do uso de aditivo polimérico PVA nas propriedades da argamassa. Os materiais foram submetidos à caracterização física e química através de análise granulométrica, fluorescência de raio-x e FTIR. Na elaboração dos corpos de provas foi realizado o estudo de 6 traços com 5% em massa de cimento e 3 traços com 10% em massa de cimento, ambos com diferentes teores de cinza, areia, RCC e mantendo quantidade de cimento portland constante. Ainda foi avaliado a comparação das propriedades mecânicas e reológicas dos traços com e sem PVA. Os traços no estado fresco foram submetidos a ensaio reológico. Após 28 dias de cura os corpos de prova dos traços já no estado endurecido foram submetidos a ensaios de resistência mecânica a compressão, massa especifica, absorção aparente e porosidade aparente. A pesquisa demonstrou que o emprego de aditivo polimérico a base de PVA melhorou as propriedades mecânicas da argamassa elaborada com rejeitos industriais além de garantir comportamento reológico satisfatório para possível aplicação da mesma na construção civil.

A técnica da Espectroscopia de Lente Térmica tem, na maioria das vezes, seu perfil de temperatura descrito pela Lei de Fourier da condução de calor, a partir deste perfil,o sinal da Lente Térmica representado pela intensidade de um feixe laser que cruzou uma amostra é calculado. Neste trabalho se conseguiu representar com sucesso esta distribuição de temperatura pelo Modelo Hiperbólico de condução de calor, também conhecido como Lei de Fourier Modificada, tal modelo propõe a inserção de um tempo de relaxação para que os efeitos térmicos sejam sentidos por uma determinadaamostra, sendo que este tempo depende do meio onde ocorre o fenômeno, este modelo é ideal para fenômenos que ocorrem em intervalos de tempo de excitação da ordem de milissegundos, como é o caso da Lente Térmica. Com a aplicação deste modelo hiperbólico, a equação diferencial que descreve o problema não possui solução analítica, com isso, foram usadas duas técnicas para sua solução. O Método das Linhas (método puramente numérico) e a Técnica da Transformada Integral Generalizada (método analítico-numérico). Estas duas técnicas tiveram excelentes taxas de convergência em suas soluções, com isso, foramcoletados da literatura os parâmetros necessários para que este novo modelo pudesse ser testado para representar tais dados experimentais, foi observada uma excelente  concordância da nova proposta de solução com os dados experimentais foi excelente, também mostrando a importância do tempo de relaxação no sinal de Lente Térmica, proporcionando assim uma nova perspectiva para futuros trabalhos para esta técnica espectroscópica.

A Técnica da Transformada Integral Generalizada (GITT) foi utilizada, em um primeiro momento, na análise do processo de extração supercrítica, no estudo da extração de β-caroteno de cenouras, óleo de sementes de gergelim, óleo de canola e óleo de priprioca. Neste caso analisou-se o efeito do tamanho das partículas, pressão e temperatura na quantidade acumulada extraída e o efeito do fluxo na taxa de extração.Utilizou-se dois modelos, baseados em balanços materiais no leito e na partícula, para tentar descrever o processo e os resultados foram comparados com resultados numéricos e experimentais disponíveis na literatura. Em um segundo momento a GITT foi utilizada na modelagem e simulação do processo de reforma de metano com CO₂ em reator catalítico de leito fixo. Os catalisadores utilizados foram de Níquel suportados em Alumina ( ).Neste caso avaliou-se o efeito da temperatura nos perfis de concentração de todos os componentes envolvidos. Utilizou-se um modelo, baseado em balanços materiais no leito e na partícula, para tentar descrever o processo de reforma considerando as reações de decomposição do metano e as reações reversas de Boudouard e gás-shift, os resultados também foram comparados com resultados numéricos e experimentais disponíveis na literatura. Em ambos os casos aplicou-se a Técnica das Equações Integrais Acopladas (CIEA) na simplifiação dos modelos propostos a fim de se eliminar a dependência radial das equações que governam a transferência de massa nas partículas, para a posterior aplicação da GITT.Os modelos resultantes foram solucionados numericamente usando-se a rotina IVPAG da biblioteca IMSL.

Neste trabalho, foi elaborada uma base de dados de parâmetros de interação binária de diferentes regras de mistura, para as equações de estado de Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) e Peng-Robinson (PR), a partir de dados experimentais de sistemas binários e multicomponentes de hidrocarbonetos, N₂, CO₂, água, b-caroteno, etanol, acetona e metanol, com objetivo de aplicar em simulações com o Aspen Hysys aos processos de fracionamento do gás natural em um processo de turbo-expansão simplificado; de fracionamento de óleo, gás e água, em separador trifásico, de extração com CO₂ supercrítico de acetona de uma solução aquosa e de b-caroteno de uma solução aquosa, em coluna de multiestágios em contracorrente. De modo geral, não ocorreram diferenças significativas na predição do equilibro de fases dos sistemas binários estudados, para ambas as equações, com as regras de mistura quadrática, Mathias-Klotz-Prausnitz (MKP) com dois e três parâmetros. Cabe destacar que a regra de mistura MKP com 3 parâmetros de interação binária apresentou os menores erros absolutos para os sistemas binários de hidrocarbonetos e CO₂/ hidrocarbonetos. Para os ajustes de dados de equilíbrio dos sistemas multicomponentes de hidrocarbonetos, a equação de SRK combinada com a regra de mistura quadrática com 2 parâmetros de interação binária, foi a que apresentou os menores erros médios para os sistemas ternários e para o sistema com 5 componentes em ambas as fases. No estudo de caso do separador trifásico a equação de SRK com a regra de mistura RK-Aspen foi a que apresentou a maior separação da fase aquosa de todas as simulações (285,68 kg/h) contra 256,88 kg/h para a equação SRK, 249,81 kg/h para a equação PR e 152,90 kg/h para a equação PRSV, confirmando a grande influência do uso da matriz de parâmetros de interação binária determinada neste trabalho, com destaque para os parâmetros que representam as interações entre os hidrocarbonetos com a água. Os resultados das simulações com a planta simplificada de turbo-expansão estão de acordo com a análise descrita na literatura, apresentando as seguintes taxas de recuperação de etano: 84,045% para PRSV, 84,042% para SRK, 84,039% para TST e PR e 83,98% para RK-Aspen. O produto final da simulação publicada na literatura para o fracionamento de uma solução aquosa de acetona utilizando o processo de extração com CO₂ supercrítico consistiu na corrente de saída do fundo da coluna de destilação a 65 atm (6586 kPa), com uma composição de 67,67 % de CO₂ (74,3 kg/h), 31,11% de acetona (34,15 kg/h) e 1,21% (1,33 kg/h) de água em base mássica. Na simulação com o Aspen Hysys a corrente de saída da coluna de destilação foi submetida a um conjunto de separadores flashpara a separação do CO₂ atingindo a recuperação de 27 kg/h de acetona em três correntes (11,14 e 15) com menos de 5 kg/h residuais de CO₂ e 0,8 kg/h de água. O fracionamento da solução aquosa de β-caroteno foi simulado com o Aspen Hysys, com uma coluna de múltiplos estágios em contracorrente e um separador flash vertical para a separação do CO₂. As simulações convergiram com, no mínimo, cinco estágios. Foi obtida uma corrente de fundo (produto) do separador flash com 97,83% de β-caroteno contra 89,95% em massa, para a simulação de um extrator de um único estágio publicada na literatura.

Realizou-se a caracterização química, física e qualitativa das sementes de painço (S. italica) e em seguida, foi avaliado o comportamento fluidodinâmico, à temperatura ambiente, para diferentes cargas de material em duas configurações de leito de jorro: cônico (500, 800, 1100 e 1400 g) e convencional (1300, 1700 e 2100 g). A partir dos dados experimentais foi verificado que as partículas eram adequadas ao sistema utilizado, partindo então para a obtenção dos parâmetros operacionais característicos do jorro, os quais foram comparados com seus respectivos valores teóricos calculados por correlações empíricas disponíveis na literatura. Ao avaliar as condições experimentais, foi necessário optar por apenas uma das configurações de leito de jorro, prevalecendo o leito convencional. Em seguida, foi definida uma carga ótima de painço (1700 g) e deu-se prosseguimento à análise da cinética de secagem das sementes em leito de jorro convencional nas temperaturas de 44, 65 e 86°C por 132 min, verificando-se a ausência de taxa de secagem constante, indicando que a secagem foi controlada pelos mecanismos de difusão. O coeficiente de difusão efetivo das sementes de painço correspondeu a valores entre 0,7729x10^-11 e  2,3189x10^-11 m²/s e o valor de energia de ativação foi quantificado por meio da equação de Arrhenius, correspondendo à 24,86 kJ/mol. Os modelos matemáticos que melhor descreveram a curva de secagem foram Aproximação por Difusão, Page e Midilli et al. Além disso, foi aplicado um planejamento composto central rotacional com o objetivo de avaliar a influência das variáveis independentes tempo (X₁) e temperatura (X₂) nas respostas razão de umidade (X_R), porcentagem de germinação (G) e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). As respostas selecionadas são determinantes no controle de qualidade de sementes, como no caso do teor de umidade, o qual deve ser adequado para o armazenamento. As respostas G e IVG são indicações do estado fisiológico da sementes, o que também é importante, de acordo com a finalidade do produto. Por meio das análises estatísticas, para um intervalo de confiança de 95%, verificou-se que X_R e IVG sofreram influência apenas de X₁, X₂ e X₂², enquanto G foi estatisticamente influenciado por X₂ e X₂². Os efeitos, para todas as respostas, foram negativos, indicando que  X_R e IVG decrescem com o aumento da temperatura e tempo de secagem enquanto G reduz com o aumento da temperatura. Por meio dos resultados estatísticos,  foram propostos modelos quadráticos para as respostas analisadas, alcançando-se bons coeficientes de correlação (R²): 0,9632 (X_R), 0,8999 (G) e 0,9724 (IVG). Posteriormente, foi determinado o ponto ótimo durante a secagem de sementes de painço em leito de jorro, por meio da Função desejabilidade, o qual foi correspondente a um tempo de secagem de 121 min à uma temperatura de 64°C, obtendo-se sementes com um percentual germinativo de 82,99% ; índice de velocidade de germinação de 29,33 (adimensional) e teor de umidade final igual a 11%.

Neste trabalhoinvestigou-sea influênciados processos de separação sobre o rendimento e as propriedades relativas àqualidade do biodiesel de óleo de palma bruto (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq)obtido em escalalaboratorial, tais como decantação, centrifugação, evaporação,lavagem e desidratação, onde se utilizou as seguintes condições operacionais: tempo de decantação (borra/óleo neutro) – 120 minutos a 50 °C; tempos de decantação utilizados na lavagem do óleo neutro 60,90 e 120 minutos a 50 °C; percentagens de H₂O utilizadas na lavagem do óleo neutro 10%, 20% e 30% (m/m); temperaturas de centrifugação para separação do óleo neutro/borra e lavagens do óleo neutro 40, 50 e 60 °C; temperatura e faixa de pressão de desidratação do óleo neutro e do biodiesel 80 °C e 480,0 a 80,0mbar respectivamente;temperatura e pressões de evaporação do etanol em excesso 75 °C e 213,3 e 146,6mar respectivamente; tempos de decantação do sistema biodiesel/glicerina e de lavagens 60, 90 e 180 minutos a 50 °C; temperatura de operação utilizada na centrifugação na separação do sistema biodiesel/glicerina 50 °C; porcentagem de H₂O utilizada na lavagem do biodiesel por centrifugação 20% em relação à fase éster. Os resultados constataram que a neutralização, em geral, foi satisfatória, pois gerou cerca de 10% de borra, ressaltando o Experimento 1 que gerou cerca de 84,6% em massa de óleo neutro. As lavagens em 90 minutos (Exp. 1)e com 20% em água(Exp.2) apresentaram os melhores desempenhospara a separação por decantação, enquanto que para o processo de centrifugação a melhor separação e lavagem ocorreram a 40 e 50 °C respectivamente. Em relação à evaporação do etanol, o melhor percentual emálcool foi obtido a 80ºC e 146,6 mbar. Em relação à separação das fases ricas em ésteres e glicerol, o processo de centrifugação a 50ºC gerou um biodiesel de melhor qualidade, entretanto, os melhores rendimentos se observaram no biodiesel proveniente do processo de decantação.A avaliação final do biodiesel produzido neste trabalho mostrou-se positiva, pois a maioria dos parâmetros analisados encontra-se de acordo com as especificações oficiais.

As atividades industriais cada vez mais geram uma grande quantidade de resíduos e subprodutos, sendo armazenados no meio ambiente, apresentando características físico-químicas que podem na maioria das vezes serem reutilizadas. A lama vermelha, resíduo do processo Bayer, vem sendo estudada para o uso na produção de agregados sintéticos, que tem como finalidade substituir os agregados naturais utilizados na construção civil. Este trabalho estuda as características físico-químicas e mineralógicas dos agregados sintetizados a partir da mistura da lama vermelha, argila, areia e carvão vegetal em 4 composições, variando as quantidades de lama vermelha e argila. As matérias primas foram pré-tratadas e analisadas por fluorescência de Raios-X, difração de Raios-X, Análise térmica e granulométrica. As amostras foram calcinadas a 1200ºC por 4 horas. Em seguida submetidas a análises por difratometria de Raios-X, fluorescência de Raios-X, análise térmica diferencial e microscopia eletrônica de varredura para caracterização e testes físicos. Para o estudo da observação de mullita no agregado sintético foram confeccionados corpos de prova embutidos em resina e adição de HF a 5% por 3 e 4 minutos. O material após a sinterização apresentou, massa especifica aparente média abaixo de 2 g\cm³, fases cristalinas principais por DRX quartzo e hematita e pode ser observada a presença de mullita a partir do tratamento com HF.

Croton palanostigma, espécie pertencente à família Euphorbiaceae, é uma árvore de porte médio nativa da região amazônica do Brasil. A partir de estudos químicos realizados com essa espécie foram isoladas substâncias com propriedades biologicamente úteis para a sociedade, como os diterpenos aparisthmano e a cordatina que apresentaram expressiva atividade antiulcerogênica similar à cimetidina, um medicamento que combate úlceras gástricas provocadas por estresse. Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo do processo de extração das cascas do caule de Croton palanostigma, e avaliação de potencial alelopático dos extratos obtidos. No processo de extração foi utilizando o solvente acetato de etila em um extrator construído em aço inoxidável e com camisa para circulação de água aquecida, sob agitação constante, em escala laboratorial. Na análise do processo tomou-se por base o modelo estatístico Box-Behken, com três variáveis de entrada e três níveis, empregando-se temperatura, tempo de extração e relação de massa fixa de material botânico seco por volume de solvente como os fatores de entrada, e como respostas, o rendimento (Rd) de extrato obtido; a inibição de germinação de sementes de Mimosa pudica (IG₁); e a inibição de germinação de sementes de Senna obtusifolia (IG₂). Os dados foram analisados com o auxílio do software Statística 7.0 (StatSoft USA). Quantificou-se a influência das variáveis operacionais de entrada e suas interações nas respostas, e a partir desses resultados observou-se dentro do domínio experimental que apenas a variável X₃ (relação de massa de material botânico por volume de solvente) teve um efeito positivo para o rendimento do processo. O estudo de atividade alelopática realizado com os extratos (1% m/v) apresentou elevado potencial de inibição à germinação de sementes da espécie invasora Mimosa pudica, acima de 50%, enquanto que, frente à espécie invasora Senna obtusifolia, apenas quatro dos quinze extratos submetidos ao ensaio apresentaram atividade alelopática expressiva.

We conducted the study of two forms of food preservation, salting and drying, the shrimp come from cultivation in the state of Pará. The salting process was conducted in brines with 36% concentrations m/m at 80°C and 38% m/m 100°C, using the shrimp in natura in shell and shelled, with and without agitation to evaluate the influence of these variables in the process. The drying process was carried out in the pre-cooked and salted shrimp at “Fazenda Nossa Senhora de Fátima”, in the municipality of Curuçá/Pará, at temperatures of 60°C, 80°C and 100°C. Regarding the treatment of salting, the factors that most influenced the process were the concentration and agitation; as the drying process, there was less drying time for the 100°C temperature. It proposed a mathematical model of the salting process from Fick's Law. The best fit for the process was carried out with the shrimp headless, shelled, with shaking (R2 = 0.99), effective diffusivity values ranged from 0,9x10-8 the 2,0x10-8. The kinetics of shrimp drying was set with models of Henderson and Pabis, Midilli et al., Newton, Page and Wang and Singh. The Midilli et al. model showed the best fit to the kinetic data drying shrimp at temperatures of 80ºC and 100ºC.

The Burgers equation is a parabolic partial differential equation applied in the study of problems of transfer of heat, mass and amount of movement and in existent complex systems in the physics, chemistry and biology. The equation results from the combination of convective, diffusive and radioactive terms that turn it to a non-linear equation. The present work studies the GITT (Generalized Integral Transformed Technique) application to transient, non-homogeneous, dimensionless and non-linear version of the Burgers equation. The GITT methodology transforms the Burgers equation, generates a differential system of ordinary, infinite, non-linear and coupled. Like this, are generated two algorithms by the transformed system: one is a simplified model named as GITT UNIT, which represents the main contribution of this research and another in the traditional GITT form. Both codes are implemented in FORTRAN 90/95 language and solved through of the routine DIVPAG of the IMSL library (1987). The solution for the Burgers equation is expressed by means of the dimensionless transfer potential θ(x,t) – obtained for several combinations of dimensionless coefficients – that constitute the terms of the Burgers equation. The applicability of the technique adopted in the present work it was verified by comparing the results generated by GITT to those generated by MSO (lines method) and the literature. The influence of the foregoing coefficients in the behavior of θ(x,t).was also analyzed. After verifying the applicability of the technique, the results obtained by the algorithm GITT UNIT are compared to the results of GITT. The behavior of the function that preserve the non-linear terms of the Burgers equation is analyzed varying the size of the series and the mesh obtained by GITT UNIT code implementation. The results show excellent convergence.